The purpose of hot wire anemometry is to measure the speed of an air stream. The classical method is
based on the measure of the value of a temperature dependant resistor inserted in a Wheatstone
bridge (Lomas 1986 Fundamentals of Hot Wire Anemometry…
How to build a low cost spectrometer with Tracker for teaching light spectra
Optics is probably one on the most exciting topics in physics. However, it also contains some of the
less understood phenomena by students—the light spectra obtained from the diffraction of light. The
experimental study of light spectra for studyin…
Seeing balancing toys graphically and gravitationally
Description unavailable
Hawking temperature: an elementary approach based on Newtonian mechanics and quantum theory
In 1974, the British physicist Stephen Hawking discovered that black holes have a characteristic
temperature and are therefore capable of emitting radiation. Given the scientific importance of this
discovery, there is a profuse literature on the subj…
Wavelength estimation by using the Airy disk from a diffraction pattern with didactic purposes
In this paper a simple and easy to implement method that uses the Airy disk generated from a
Fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to a circular aperture will be used to estimate the wavelength of
the illuminating laser source. This estimation is based …
Detecting interferences with iOS applications to measure speed of sound
Traditional experiments measuring the speed of sound consist of studying harmonics by changing the
length of a glass tube closed at one end. In these experiments, the sound source and observer are
outside of the tube. In this paper, we propose the mo…
A plane mirror experiment inspired by a comic strip
A comic strip about a plane mirror was used in a high school optics test, and it was perceived that
a large portion of the students believed that the mirror should be larger than the object so the
virtual image could be entirely visible. Inspired on …
The XXL hunt for galaxy clusters
A team of telescopes reveals a 3-D view of a giant sample of monstrous galaxy clusters.
Meanwhile, in a galaxy not so far, far away…
The fantasy creations of the “Star Wars” universe are strikingly similar to real planets in our own Milky Way galaxy.
NASA Examines Global Impacts of the 2015 El Nino
ESA astronaut Tim Peake begins six-month stay on Space Station
ESA astronaut Tim Peake, NASA astronaut Tim Kopra and Russian cosmonaut commander Yuri Malenchenko arrived at the International Space Station today, six hours after their launch at 11:03 GMT.
Galileos in the zone for launch

Galileos 11 and 12 are on the launch pad, attached to the top of their Soyuz rocket in readiness for this week’s launch.
Up close
Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: Principia launch pictured from just 113 m away
Internet is the primary source of information in Switzerland
88 out of every 100 people in Switzerland use the internet. Usage time is increasing and accessing the internet from mobile devices is considerably more frequent than before. The internet is now the most important source of information, and lots of app…
Three New Low-Energy Resonances in the ^{22} Ne(p,γ) ^{23} Na Reaction
Author(s): F. Cavanna et al. (The LUNA Collaboration)
New resonances are observed in 22Ne(p,γ)23Na reactions at energies relevant to element production in stars and novae. The resulting reaction rates are five times higher than previous measurements indicating a higher abundance of sodium and neon in these systems.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 252501] Published Tue Dec 15, 2015
Season’s greetings
Send an out-of-this-world e-card to your friends
Deal sealed for new Sentinel-1 satellites

ESA has ensured the continuation of the Sentinel-1 Earth observation satellite series for Europe’s Copernicus environmental programme by ordering two more satellites.
The €400 million contract was signed today with Thales Alenia Space of Italy to build Sentinel-1C and -1D.
Vote for the Top Space Stories of 2015
In 2015, astronomers found signs of dark matter close to home, unraveled the mystery of a famous supernova, and took a trip to Pluto.
Principia launch
Replay: ESA astronaut Tim Peake, NASA astronaut Tim Kopra and commander Yuri Malenchenko heading to the International Space Station
Principia liftoff
ESA astronaut Tim Peake, NASA astronaut Tim Kopra and commander Yuri Malenchenko were launched into space at 11:03 GMT (12:03 CET)
Go for the burn: how to melt a satellite

Imagine being confronted with half a tonne or more of metal and composite structures, electronics boxes and solar panels – an unwanted satellite. And then being handed a blowtorch and told to melt it into vapour.
New spin on star-forming galaxies
Astronomers think low spin is the ultimate cause of clumpy gas that drives high rates of galactic star formation.
Hubble solves missing water mystery for Hot Jupiters
Astronomers used the space telescope to probe whether the exoplanets lacked water or were simply hiding it with clouds or hazes.
How NASA Sees El Nino Effects From Space
Some Mars Minerals with Watery Past May be Relatively Young
Alteration of minerals by water may have been common on Mars into the second half of the planet’s age, a new analysis of observations by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter suggests.
Missing Water Mystery Solved in Comprehensive Survey of Exoplanets
Missing Water Mystery Solved in Vast Exoplanet Survey
Window on the past
Space Science Image of the Week: Mighty black holes at the core of distant galaxies brighten up XMM-Newton’s view of the Lockman Hole
Vega graduates with perfect record

Europe’s Vega light launcher is entering its commercial life boasting a flawless record and an impressive set of capabilities for a wide range of missions.
Ride along with Rosetta through the eyes of OSIRIS

Rosetta’s OSIRIS camera team has launched a new website to showcase their recent images of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
Ice matters
The satellite age has revolutionised our understanding of Earth, giving us accurate information to help critical agreements on climate change such as at the current COP21 conference in Paris. Diminishing polar ice is one of the most visibl…
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 7-11 December 2015
Spot comet Catalina this weekend
Comet Catalina has crossed into Northern Hemisphere skies and is now visible through binoculars.
A “ghost from the past” recalls the infancy of the Milky Way
This globular cluster is in the last stages of its existence.
Catch comet Catalina on its way out of the solar system
In the coming months, comet Catalina — once thought to be an asteroid — should be visible with the naked eye for skywatchers in the Northern Hemisphere.
A super-Earth in our solar system? Not so fast.
Astronomers quietly submitted a research paper claiming they may have found a large planet on the far fringes of our solar system.
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of ice sheets as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
Principia live

Watch ESA astronaut Tim Peake’s voyage to the International Space Station, including launch, docking and hatch opening on 15 December
Space telescopes see Jupiter-like storm on small star
While planets have been known to have cloudy storms, this is the best evidence yet for a star that has one.
How to simply demonstrate diamagnetic levitation with pencil lead
A new simple arrangement how to demonstrate diamagnetic levitation is presented. It uses pencil lead
levitating in a track built from neodymium magnets. This arrangement can also be used as a classroom
experiment.
Graphical representation for thermal equilibrium when transition temperatures are present
We propose the use of graphics in order to get a quick insight of the thermal equilibrium of two
bodies, when a transition temperature is present in the interval between both initial temperatures.
We have found two convenient variables in order to re…
Newton’s laws and kinetic energy
Newton’s first and second laws have implications for the kinetic energy as well as the momentum of a
body. It is recommended that this should be made explicit at an appropriate point in a course.
Audio frequency analysis in mobile phones
A new experiment using mobile phones is proposed in which its audio frequency response is analyzed
using the audio port for inputting external signal and getting a measurable output. This experiment
shows how the limited audio bandwidth used in mobil…
Magnetogate: using an iPhone magnetometer for measuring kinematic variables
This paper presents a method to measure the movement of an object from specific locations on a
straight line using an iPhone’s magnetometer. In this method, called ‘magnetogate’, an iPhone is
placed on a moving object (in this case a toy car) a…
Where is the Sun at sunset?
The question in the title above is exploited to analyse the relationship between different
astronomical models and frames of reference. The paper highlights the fact that the geostatic model,
the favoured model in ordinary discourse, even that of sci…
NASA Mars Rover Curiosity Reaches Sand Dunes
The Curiosity rover is examining the first active sand dunes ever studied up close on any planet besides Earth.
NASA Telescopes Detect Jupiter-Like Storm on Small Star
A star the size of Jupiter has a raging, giant storm
Can’t stop me now: Tim set for Principia launch

ESA astronaut Tim Peake, NASA astronaut Tim Kopra and cosmonaut commander Yuri Malenchenko will leave our planet for the International Space Station 15 December at 11:03 GMT, marking the start of Tim Peake’s Principia mission.
Out-of-Contact Elastohydrodynamic Deformation due to Lubrication Forces
Author(s): Yumo Wang, Charles Dhong, and Joelle FrechetteA dimple forms at the surface of a soft material when it is lowered into contact with a hard surface. This dimple stops the two surfaces coming into direct contact with each other.[Phys. Rev. Let…
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of ocean colour as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 11 December, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of Les Deux Alpes in France
Top Space Stories of 2015: Water abounds in the outer solar system
Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Jupiter’s moon Ganymede offer oceans of possibilities under their icy surfaces.
The Very Large Telescope revisits a curious cosmic collision
Among the debris of a 360-million-year-old cosmic collision is a rare and mysterious young dwarf galaxy.
Top space stories of 2015: The Red Planet under water
An ocean the size of the Atlantic may have once covered Mars’ northern hemisphere.
Top space stories of 2015: Scientists spot youngest cluster of galaxies
Scientists spotted four distant quasars — bright centers of active galaxies — in close proximity to each other, making them the earliest galaxy cluster yet.
Top space stories of 2015: A surprise glow at the galaxy’s center
NASA’s NuSTAR spacecraft spotted an X-ray glow at the Milky Way’s monstrous heart. Its origin remains a mystery.
Top Space Stories of 2015: Supernova hunters see quadruple
Astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope to catch a faraway galaxy focusing the light of an even more distant supernova four times over.
Top Space Stories of 2015: Deciphering a famous supernova
Several discoveries published in 2015 reveal changes to the blast site and uncover secrets of the explosion first seen 28 years ago.
Top space stories of 2015: Ceres takes center stage
NASA’s Dawn spacecraft entered orbit around Ceres March 6, revealing a pockmarked and ice-rich surface, as well as weird bright spots scientists now say is salt.
Top space stories of 2015: Pluto and its moons revealed
2015 was the “Year of Pluto,” revealing the icy world and its moons in stunning detail and upending much of what we thought we knew about this system.
The salty truth about Ceres’ bright spots
Scientists say salt best explains the weird white spots that stand out against asphalt colored Ceres.
Top space stories of 2015: Europe’s visit to Comet 67P
The European Space Agency’s history making visit to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed surprising science about this dirty snowball.
Top space stories of 2015: Dark matter hints next door
Dark matter annihilation may be the cause of the gamma-ray glow emanating from nearby dwarf galaxy Reticulum II.
Exploring the aerodynamic drag of a moving cyclist
Although the physics of cycling itself is a complex mixture of aerodynamics, physiology, mechanics,
and heuristics, using cycling as a context for teaching physics has a tradition of certainly more
than 30 years. Here, a possible feature is the discu…
Physics League Across Numerous Countries for Kick-ass Students (PLANCKS)
Physics League Across Numerous Countries for Kick-ass Students (PLANCKS) is an international
theoretical physics competition for bachelor and master students. The intention of PLANCKS is to
increase international collaboration and stimulate the perso…
Non-physics peer demonstrators in undergraduate laboratories: a study of students’ perceptions
Laboratory demonstrators play a crucial role in facilitating students’ learning in physics subjects.
Inspired by the success of peer-led activities, we introduced peer demonstrators to support student
learning in first-year physics subjects that en…
Revisiting the quantum harmonic oscillator via unilateral Fourier transforms
The literature on the exponential Fourier approach to the one-dimensional quantum harmonic
oscillator problem is revised and criticized. It is shown that the solution of this problem has been
built on faulty premises. The problem is revisited via the…
Computational tool for phase-shift calculation in an interference pattern by fringe displacements based on a skeletonized image
In this manuscript an algorithm based on a graphic user interface (GUI) designed in MATLAB for an
automatic phase-shifting estimation between two digitalized interferograms is presented. The
proposed algorithm finds the midpoint locus of the dark and…
A simple model for the energy supply of a stand-alone house using a hybrid wind–solar power system
A research project for secondary school students involving both physical measurements and modelling
is presented. The problem to be solved is whether and how a typical house can be supplied with
energy off-grid, based entirely on renewable energy sou…
New Clues to Ceres’ Bright Spots and Origins
Ceres reveals some of its well-kept secrets in two new studies in the journal Nature, thanks to data from NASA’s Dawn spacecraft.
Venus climate orbiter Akatsuki inserted into Venus’ orbit
After missing on their first attempt in 2010, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency successfully inserted the Venus Climate Orbiter Akatsuki into orbit around Venus.
No alien laser signals seen from strange star
The star has puzzled astronomers because it shows irregular dimming unlike anything seen for another star.
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of aerosols as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
CubeSat calling
Technology image of the week: radio testing of the world’s first CubeSat designed for atmospheric reentry
EDRS-A and its laser are ready to fly
After a year-long wait in storage for a Proton rocket to become available, the EDRS-A laser communications payload and its Eutelsat host satellite are finally at the Baikonur cosmodrome and being prepared for launch in late January.
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of soil moisture as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
Programmable Extreme Pseudomagnetic Fields in Graphene by a Uniaxial Stretch
Author(s): Shuze Zhu, Joseph A. Stroscio, and Teng LiA specially shaped ribbon of single-layer carbon can produce a strong magnetic-like effect within the material when it is pulled on its ends.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 245501] Published Tue Dec 08, 2015
Launch positions
Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: ESA astronaut Tim Peake tries out his pressure suit and seat for 15 December launch
How to watch the Geminid meteor shower
Enjoying a meteor shower requires only comfort and patience. In this brief video, Senior Editor Michael E. Bakich gives some tips on spending a night under “shooting stars.”
Geminid meteor shower peaks under dark skies
Conditions are prime for this year’s Geminid meteor shower. Here are some helpful tips to enjoy the show.
Hubble helps solve mystery of “born again” stars
The most popular explanation is that an aging star spills material onto a smaller companion star, and the small star bulks up on mass to become hotter and bluer, thus becoming a blue straggler.
How to watch the Geminid meteor shower
Enjoying a meteor shower requires only comfort and patience. In this brief video, Senior Editor Michael E. Bakich gives some tips on spending a night under “shooting stars.”
Robot arm simulates close approach of ESA’s asteroid mission

The final approach to an asteroid has been practised for ESA’s proposed Asteroid Impact Mission using a real spacecraft camera mounted on a robot arm.
Galileo taking shape
A new video shows Galileos 11 and 12 being readied for their 17 December launch, concluding a year when the number of satellites in orbit will have doubled
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of sea level as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
ALMA spots monstrous baby galaxies cradled in dark matter
These findings are important for understanding how monstrous galaxies form and evolve.
New Horizons returns the first of its best Pluto images
These latest pictures are part of a sequence taken near New Horizons’ closest approach to Pluto, revealing features less than half the size of a city block on the diverse surface of the distant planet.
NASA returns to Jupiter 20 years after Galileo
The Juno spacecraft meets the gas giant July 4, finally ending the decades-long hiatus of Jupiter missions.
Artificial eclipse
Space Science Image of the Week: SOHO is still going strong after two decades in space, sending back impressive images of the Sun and its varying bursts of activity
Engineering Made Fun: JPL’s Annual Invention Challenge
Los Angeles High School teams win big at the annual competition at JPL.
To Jupiter with JunoCam!
Scientists on NASA’s Juno mission are preparing to receive some stunning images of Jupiter, and they need your help.
Nuclear Recoil Effect in the Lamb Shift of Light Hydrogenlike Atoms
Author(s): V. A. Yerokhin and V. M. Shabaev
The nuclear recoil correction in hydrogen-like atoms has been calculated nonperturbatively in the nuclear binding strength, Zα, improving the numerical accuracy by more than two orders of magnitude.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 233002] Published Fri Dec 04, 2015
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of glaciers as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 30 November – 4 December 2015
Mars mission team addressing vacuum leak on key science instrument
The seismometer is the prime science payload that will help answer questions about the interior structure and processes within the deep martian interior.
Curious “inkblot” star outed for trolling the astronomers
In just a couple of years, the red giant star CW Leonis has changed its appearance completely, meaning a whole set of carefully constructed models have been abandoned.
Tim Peake to run London marathon from space
Get ready, set, go! As the thousands of runners start the London Marathon in April, ESA astronaut Tim Peake will run the full 42 km distance on a treadmill aboard the International Space Station.
JPL CubeSat Clean Room: A Factory For Small Spacecraft
JPL CubeSat clean room is doing big things for space explorations smallest inhabitants.
Mars Mission Team Addressing Vacuum Leak on Key Science Instrument
A key science instrument for NASA’s InSight spacecraft, being prepared for a March 2016 launch, is experiencing a leak in the vacuum container carrying its main sensors.
NASA Space Telescopes See Magnified Image of Faintest Galaxy from Early Universe
Astronomers harnessing the combined power of NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes have found the faintest object ever seen in the early universe.
LISA Pathfinder Carries Advanced NASA Thruster Tech
The LISA Pathfinder spacecraft is on its way to space, having successfully launched from Kourou, French Guiana (Dec. 3 local time/Dec. 2 PST).

