The objective of the paper is to provide a framework for understanding the pedagogical opportunities of openness in education. The paper will argue that openness in education should not only be viewed as opening existing resources and courses to a broader audience. Openness is also a matter of providing insight and enable communication and collaboration across traditional barriers – such as distance and accessibility. From this perspective, openness is the removal of barriers for interaction and exchange – and not only a matter of providing access to resources or courses. Rather, the objective is to open education to the outside world, which entails an interaction between educational institutions and society. The key point of the paper is that to do this, educational activities need to change and move beyond the course as the main unit of openness. Openness is not only a matter of opening up the existing, but to develop new educational practices that interact with the world. The paper outlines three different dimensions of openness that describe different types of interaction between institutions and society: transparency, communication and engagement. To exemplify the dimensions, the paper presents a case study that demonstrates the three dimensions of openness in an university programme. The paper concludes in a discussion of educational technologies for the different dimensions of openness.
Editorial – Volume 16, Issue Number 6
MOOCs and the claim of education for all: A disillusion by empirical data
MOOCs have shaped the discussion on learning with digital media for the last few years. One claim of MOOCs in the tradition of Open Educational Resources is to expand access to education, mainly in the field of higher education. But do MOOCs meet this …
Theories and Applications of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) : The Case for Hybrid Design
Initial research on learning in massive open online courses (MOOCs) primarily focused participation patterns and participant experiences. More recently, research has addressed learning theories and offered case studies of different pedagogical designs …
Test of Electric Charge Conservation with Borexino
Author(s): M. Agostini et al. (Borexino Collaboration)
Scientists have placed new limits on how often electrons decay into neutrinos and photons, a reaction that—if it occurred—would violate the law of charge conservation.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 231802] Published Thu Dec 03, 2015
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 4 December, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-1A image of the Netherlands
Sentinel-2 moves on
The story so far of the second Copernicus satellite and what it will do next
Couture in Orbit: from spacewalk to catwalk

ESA and the Science Museum in London are working with four leading fashion schools around Europe to design clothes for the space age with their ‘Couture in Orbit’ project.
Liftoff for LISA Pathfinder
For the 100th anniversary of Einstein’s general relativity, LISA Pathfinder will demonstrate how to observe gravitational waves in space.
How LISA Pathfinder will “hear” the universe
The European Space Agency hopes its LISA Pathfinder mission will allow scientists to observe the universe outside the electromagnetic spectrum for the first time.
Hawaii Supreme Court revokes permit for massive telescope
Native Hawaiians have won their court challenge against an observatory that could one day be the world’s largest.
Why LISA Pathfinder?
Press briefing replay: mission experts describe how LISA Pathfinder will test-drive the technologies needed to detect gravitational waves from space
LISA Pathfinder en route to gravitational wave demonstration

ESA’s LISA Pathfinder lifted off earlier today on a Vega rocket from Europe’s spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on its way to demonstrate technology for observing gravitational waves from space.
A new frontier
LISA Pathfinder is on its way to test the extraordinary technology needed to observe gravitational waves from space
Launch – full replay

Watch LISA Pathfinder launch into low-Earth orbit, with commentary from experts at Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou
Launch replay

Watch LISA Pathfinder launch from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou
ESA station tracks Earth flyby mission

An ESA deep-space ground station will lend a helping ear as Japan’s Hayabusa-2 asteroid mission visits Earth on Thursday.
Cosmic filaments exposed near huge cluster

ESA’s XMM-Newton X-ray observatory has revealed three massive filaments of hot gas flowing towards a cluster of galaxies, uncovering a portion of the cosmic skeleton that pervades the entire Universe.
LISA Pathfinder launch

Follow the launch of our LISA Pathfinder mission on 3 December. Coverage from Kourou starts 03:44 GMT; a press briefing from ESA’s space operations centre starts at 05:30 GMT
Black Hole Window into p-Wave Dark Matter Annihilation
Author(s): Jessie Shelton, Stuart L. Shapiro, and Brian D. FieldsGamma-ray observations of dark matter spikes near supermassive black holes provide a test of fermionic dark matter models.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 231302] Published Wed Dec 02, 2015
Fluctuation Relations of Fitness and Information in Population Dynamics
Author(s): Tetsuya J. Kobayashi and Yuki SughiyamaA path-wise description of population dynamics provides a general description of the fitness of a population that can account for sub-optimal evolution strategies.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 238102] Publishe…
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of land cover as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
Happy birthday, SOHO!
The Sun as seen today by the ESA-NASA SOHO observatory on the 20th anniversary of the pioneering satellite’s launch
“Fast radio burst” sheds new light on origin of these extreme events
Research indicates that the burst originated inside a highly magnetized region of space, possibly linking it to a recent supernova or the interior of an active star-forming nebula.
Astronomers spy nursery of baby exoplanets
Astronomers report that this system, surrounding a star known as HD 100546, is giving us a glimpse back in time to see what other more developed exoplanet systems looked like in their adolescence.
Fits like a glove
Human spaceflight an operations image of the week: Testing pressure suits for Principia launch in two weeks
Farmers benefit from satellite coverage
Farmers can now call on the latest satellite information using the unique TalkingFields service to get the best from their land while cutting the environmental cost.
Are you a doctor with the right stuff?

ESA is looking for a medical doctor to live for a year in Antarctica at the French–Italian Concordia research station. Your job is to run experiments in the Antarctic wilderness that help to prepare for future spaceflight beyond Earth orbit.
Rover versus rocks
Technology image of the week: Robotic navigation testing with artificial rocks on beach next to ESA’s technical heart
SOHO celebrates 20 years of discoveries

Originally planned for a two-year mission, the ESA–NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, SOHO, is today celebrating two decades of scientific discovery.
ESA wastewater recovery picked as key climate technology

An ESA-developed water treatment system has been chosen as one of a hundred top climate technologies to mark this week’s COP21 climate change summit in Paris.
Launch postponed
The launch of LISA Pathfinder has been postponed
Global warming won’t stop the ‘green cancer’ from spreading
With its enormous green and purple leaves, the South American miconia tree is invading botanic gardens all around the world on account of its beauty. This plant, however, is called the ‘green cancer’ for its ability to infest new territories. A new stu…
Could life exist on other planets?
With a little help from planetary neighbors, perhaps life could exist, according to new research.
Exoplanet kicked into exile
A star’s lopsided comet belt indicates a disturbed system
Launch media briefing
Follow a live webcast from LISA Pathfinder mission control on 2 December, when managers, scientists and experts brief the media, starting at 05:45 GMT (06:45 CET)
LISA Pathfinder launch
Follow the launch of our LISA Pathfinder mission on 2 December. Coverage from Kourou starts at 03:55 GMT (04:55 CET), with liftoff due at 04:15 GMT (05:15 CET)
Media on the move
Access our press releases, media calendar and ESA TV information for media professionals via the new media section on our mobile ESA website
More Galileo satellites broadcasting navigation signals

Having completed their rigorous checks in space, two more of Europe’s Galileo satellites are now fully operational, broadcasting navigation signals and, from today, relaying search and rescue messages from across the globe.
Gaps in advertising and PR education are due to new roles in social media, study finds
Blurred boundaries between advertising and public relations professions due to new roles in social media raise the question of whether educators can adequately prepare their students for a career in those growing fields, according to a Baylor study.
Tim arrives in Baikonur on his last stop before space
ESA astronaut Tim Peake, NASA astronaut Tim Kopra and Roscosmos commander Yuri Malenchenko arrived at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan today ahead of their launch to the International Space Station.
Set for launch on 15 December, the…
LISA Pathfinder launch timeline

On Thursday, a Vega rocket will boost LISA Pathfinder into space to pave the way to a future mission for detecting gravitational waves. Once aloft, ESA’s mission control teams will pace the ultra high-tech spacecraft through the critical first days of the journey to its final destination.
Talking climate
Discover more about the importance of sea ice as an Essential Climate Variable to understand our changing world
Hydrodynamics Versus Intracellular Coupling in the Synchronization of Eukaryotic Flagella
Author(s): Greta Quaranta, Marie-Eve Aubin-Tam, and Daniel Tam
A study of the breaststroke motion in swimming algae shows that hydrodynamic forces cannot explain the synchronization between the microorganism’s two “arms.”

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 238101] Published Mon Nov 30, 2015
Molecular Mechanism of Water Evaporation
Author(s): Yuki Nagata, Kota Usui, and Mischa BonnEach time a liquid water molecule enters the vapor phase, a coordinated dance of several molecules is involved, according to simulations.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 236102] Published Mon Nov 30, 2015
Searching for Dark Matter Annihilation from Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with Six Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data
Author(s): M. Ackermann et al. (The Fermi-LAT Collaboration)Gamma-ray signatures of dark matter have not been seen by the Fermi-LAT Collaboration in data from dwarf spheroidal galaxies of the Milky Way. Their absence puts tighter constraints on the Dar…
Sneak preview
Space Science Image of the Week: ESA’s LISA Pathfinder gravitational wave demonstrator getting ready for launch at Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou
Hungary and ESA

2015 is a special year: the Hungarian space community is celebrating Hungary’s accession to ESA as 22nd full Member State
Supercomputer simulates collapse of massive stars
This simulation demonstrates that as a rotating star collapses, the star and its attached magnetic field spin faster and faster, revving the magnetic field to a million billion times the magnetic field of Earth.
Supermassive black hole spotted snacking on a star
The supermassive black hole was found to have faint jets of material shooting out from it and helps to confirm scientists’ theories about the nature of black holes.
Redshift formulas and the Doppler–Fizeau effect
In this paper, we show that redshifts, which appear in some pedagogical examples, can be expressed
in terms of the Doppler–Fizeau effect. For this purpose, we use, as suggested by Weyl, the worldline
elements of two physical events: the emission an…
Tens of billions promised to boost clean energy tech
Government and business leaders are banking on clean energy technology to fight global warming, kicking off this week’s high-stakes climate change negotiations by pledging tens of billions of dollars for research and development.
Space for climate
While leaders from around the world meet at COP21 to reach an agreement on climate change, learn how satellites provide essential information about the health of our planet
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 23-27 November 2015
Sudanese fields
Earth observation image of the week: a Sentinel-2A image of south Khartoum in Sudan, also featured on the Earth from Space video programme
Flight teams prepare for LISA Pathfinder liftoff
Following months of intensive training, mission controllers for the LISA Pathfinder gravitational wave detection testbed will complete a final rehearsal tomorrow, ensuring that all is ready for the journey to space.
Albert Einsteini kuulsad artiklid nüüd ka eesti keeles
Eesti keelde on tõlgitud Einsteini 1905. aastal ilmunud kuulsad artiklid: „Liikuvate kehade elektrodünaamikast“ (erirelatiivsusteooria), „Kas keha inerts sõltub selle energiasisaldusest?“ (E=mc2), „Ühest heuristilisest vaatekohast valguse tekkimisele ja muundumisele“ (valguse kvantteooria), „Paigalseisvates vedelikes hõljuvate osakeste liikumisest vastavalt molekulaarkineetilisele teooriale“ (Browni liikumise teooria), samuti pikem teadusfilosoofiline sissevaade 1936. aastast „Füüsika ja tegelikkus“, tõlkijateks Piret Kuusk, Georg Liidja ja Kalle Hein. Tõlgetele eelnevad Raivo […]
German Chancellor Merkel welcomes ESA astronaut to her home region
German ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst and ESA Director Thomas Reiter joined German Chancellor Angela Merkel recently in her home region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the very northeast of Germany.
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 27 November, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of south Khartoum in Sudan
Timelapse from space reveals glacier in motion
Animations that compress 25 years of satellite images into just one second reveal the complex behaviour and flow of glaciers in the Karakoram mountain range in Asia.
Testing gravity
Find out how LISA Pathfinder will test-drive technologies to detect gravitational waves from space
A blue Neptune-sized exoplanet around a red dwarf star
Astronomers have detected light scattered by tiny particles through the atmosphere of a Neptune-sized transiting exoplanet, which suggests a blue sky on this world that is only 100 light-years away.
Comet fragments, not aliens, best explain mysterious dimming star
Just what caused the dimming of star KIC 8462852?
ExoMars prepares to leave Europe for launch site
The two ExoMars spacecraft of the 2016 mission are being prepared for shipping to the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan ahead of their launch in March.
Let there be light
Technology image of the week: James Webb’s NIRSpec and other space optical instruments highlighted to mark the UN Year of Light
Strange Star Likely Swarmed by Comets
New clues emerge in the mystery of a star with odd light patterns.
Strange Star Likely Swarmed by Comets
New clues emerge in the mystery of a star with odd light patterns.
Loss of Carbon in Martian Atmosphere Explained
A process involving ultraviolet light from the sun helps explain the ratio of heavier to lighter carbon in Mars’ atmosphere and resolve a dilemma about “missing” carbon.
Loss of Carbon in Martian Atmosphere Explained
A process involving ultraviolet light from the sun helps explain the ratio of heavier to lighter carbon in Mars’ atmosphere and resolve a dilemma about “missing” carbon.
Observation of Spin-Dependent Charge Symmetry Breaking in ΛN Interaction: Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy of _{Λ} ^{4} He
Author(s): T. O. Yamamoto et al. (J-PARC E13 Collaboration)
The energy spacing of the spin-doublet states in the Λ4He hypernucleus indicate a large spin dependent charge symmetry breaking in the ΛN interaction.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 222501] Published Tue Nov 24, 2015
Oodles of faint dwarf galaxies in Fornax shed light on a cosmological mystery
The discovery of numerous faint dwarf galaxies in Fornax suggests that the “missing satellites” are now being found.
Where Alice in Wonderland meets Albert Einstein
Gravitational lensing provides astronomers with a way of probing extremely distant galaxies and groups of galaxies in ways that would otherwise be impossible.
The Demon Star shines bright tonight
The variable star Algol in Perseus makes a fine target tonight, as it increase more than one magnitude in brightness over the course of the evening. The cycle repeats nearly every 3 days.
Mix as needed
Human spaceflight image of the week: how to keep liquids from mixing during a rocket launch
Tracking new missions from down under

For beachgoers, Australia’s pristine west coast is an ideal location to catch some rays. It is also ideal for catching signals from newly launched rockets and satellites, which is one reason why ESA is redeveloping its tracking capabilities down under.
Codevelopment of conceptual understanding and critical attitude: toward a systemic analysis of the survival blanket
One key objective of physics teaching is the promotion of conceptual understanding. Additionally,
the critical faculty is universally seen as a central quality to be developed in students. In recent
years, however, teaching objectives have placed str…
Longest reach of a cantilever with a tip load
How does one deliver a weight attached to the end of an elastic rod? The theoretical analysis is not
trivial. The longest horizontal reach of the rod depends on its length, rigidity and the angle at
the base. This nonlinear elastica cantilever proble…
The fluid dynamics of the chocolate fountain
We consider the fluid dynamics of the chocolate fountain. Molten chocolate is a mildly
shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid. Dividing the flow into three main domains—the pumped flow up the
centre, the film flow over each dome, and the freely falling…
NEOWISE Identifies Greenhouse Gases in Comets
Data from NASA’s NEOWISE mission are giving new insights into comet dust, nucleus sizes, and production rates for difficult-to-observe gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Earth Might Have Hairy Dark Matter
Dense filaments of dark matter particles, called “hairs,” are sprouting from Earth, according to a new study based on computer simulations.
New Earth Explorer
ESA announces the chance for scientists to submit their proposals for the next potential Earth Explorer satellite mission
New arrivals in Antarctica
The next crew to live and work at the Concordia Antarctic research station has arrived in the white desert. ESA-sponsored medical doctor Floris van den Berg will take over experiments for future spaceflight from Beth Healey, who has been a…
Earth might have hairy dark matter
A new study proposes the existence of long filaments of dark matter, or “hairs.”
A day on Pluto, a day on Charon
The New Horizons spacecraft captured Pluto rotating over the course of a full “Pluto day.”
Schiaparelli’s namesakes
Space science image of the week: What do a 19th-century astronomer, an impact basin and a mission to Mars have in common?
STEREO-A is back in full communications
NASA’s solar observatory recently emerged from behind the Sun, allowing full monitoring of our star’s activity to resume.
Principia overview
ESA astronaut Tim Peake introduces his six-month Principia mission to the Internatioanl Space Station and what he will be doing in space
Sentinel-3A on its way

The latest satellite for the European Commission’s Copernicus environmental programme has left France bound for the Plesetsk launch site in Russia and launch late next month.
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 16-20 November 2015
Spanish mosaic
Earth observation image of the week: a Sentinel-2A image of Merida, Spain, also featured on the Earth from Space video programme
Satellite Sensors Would Deliver Global Fire Coverage
Wildfires can wreak havoc on human health, property and communities, so it’s imperative to detect them as early as possible.
2015 and 1997 El Ninos: Deja vu, or Something New?
New satellite to measure plant health

ESA plans to track the health of the world’s vegetation by detecting and measuring the faint glow that plants give off as they convert sunlight and the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide into energy.
Reciprocity Between Robustness of Period and Plasticity of Phase in Biological Clocks
Author(s): Tetsuhiro S. Hatakeyama and Kunihiko KanekoA theoretical analysis explains why circadian clocks can be robust but also able to adapt to environmental changes.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 218101] Published Thu Nov 19, 2015
A witness to a wet early Mars

Vast volumes of water once flooded through this deep chasm on Mars that connects the ‘Grand Canyon’ of the Solar System – Valles Marineris – to the planet’s northern lowlands.
Earth from Space
Join us on Friday, 20 November, at 10:00 CET for the “Earth from Space” video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of Merida, Spain
Dwarf star packs a magnetic punch
The star’s extraordinary magnetic field could cause a constant flurry of solar flare-like eruptions.
Dark matter dominates in nearby dwarf galaxy
By measuring the mass of a nearby dwarf galaxy called Triangulum II, a researcher may have found the highest concentration of dark matter in any known galaxy.
Relativistic mechanical–thermodynamical formalism—description of inelastic collisions
We present a relativistic formalism inspired by the Minkowski four-vectors that also includes
conservation laws such as the first law of thermodynamics. It remains close to the relativistic
four-vector formalism developed for a single particle, but i…
Classical noise, quantum noise and secure communication
Secure communication based on message encryption might be performed by combining the message with
controlled noise (called pseudo-noise) as performed in spread-spectrum communication used presently
in Wi-Fi and smartphone telecommunication systems. Q…

