A new study has found five objects with similar properties to the most luminous and massive stellar system within 10,000 light-years of Earth.
Complexified Path Integrals, Exact Saddles, and Supersymmetry
Author(s): Alireza Behtash, Gerald V. Dunne, Thomas Schäfer, Tin Sulejmanpasic, and Mithat Ünsal
The fields and parameters in a path integral should be considered as complex quantities, even though they are real at the Lagrangian level, according to new calculations.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 011601] Published Wed Jan 06, 2016
Step Crowding Effects Dampen the Stochasticity of Crystal Growth Kinetics
Author(s): James F. Lutsko, Alexander E. S. Van Driessche, Miguel A. Durán-Olivencia, Dominique Maes, and Mike Sleutel
Simulations describe how crystals are able to grow past impurities by forming multilayer steps.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 015501] Published Wed Jan 06, 2016
Space telescopes see “twins” of superstar Eta Carinae in other galaxies
As one of the nearest laboratories for studying high-mass stars, Eta Carinae has been a unique, important astronomical touchstone since its eruption in the 1840s.
NuStar’s latest image maps Andromeda’s dead stars
NuSTAR has observed 40 “X-ray binaries” — intense sources of X-rays comprised of a black hole or neutron star that feeds off a stellar companion.
Exit Envisat
Technology image of the week: dismantling a replica of Europe’s largest environmental satellite
Runaway Stars Leave Infrared Waves in Space
Cosmic bow shocks are leading astronomers to some of the galaxy’s speediest stars.
Andromeda Galaxy Scanned with High-Energy X-ray Vision
Astronomers are looking to the Andromeda galaxy for new views of dead stellar remains.
Guiding Spin Spirals by Local Uniaxial Strain Relief
Author(s): Pin-Jui Hsu, Aurore Finco, Lorenz Schmidt, André Kubetzka, Kirsten von Bergmann, and Roland Wiesendanger
Nanometer cycloidal spin spirals are observed on strained double-layers of iron where the layers have different lattice orientations.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 017201] Published Tue Jan 05, 2016
Probing Carrier Transport and Structure-Property Relationship of Highly Ordered Organic Semiconductors at the Two-Dimensional Limit
Author(s): Yuhan Zhang, Jingsi Qiao, Si Gao, Fengrui Hu, Daowei He, Bing Wu, Ziyi Yang, Bingchen Xu, Yun Li, Yi Shi, Wei Ji, Peng Wang, Xiaoyong Wang, Min Xiao, Hangxun Xu, Jian-Bin Xu, and Xinran WangResearchers have fabricated high-quality organic se…
Unveiling Microscopic Structures of Charged Water Interfaces by Surface-Specific Vibrational Spectroscopy
Author(s): Yu-Chieh Wen, Shuai Zha, Xing Liu, Shanshan Yang, Pan Guo, Guosheng Shi, Haiping Fang, Y. Ron Shen, and Chuanshan TianA spectroscopic technique reveals the molecular structure of a charged water interface.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 016101] Publi…
Northern lights
Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: Aurora borealis seen during recent suborbital launch
Tim Peake set for spacewalk
ESA astronaut Tim Peake and NASA astronaut Tim Kopra will exit the International Space Station next week to repair a power unit on the outside.
Schiaparelli emerges
Space Science Image of the Week: The ExoMars Schiaparelli module is unpacked in a cleanroom in Baikonur, to be prepared for launch in March
Chandra finds supermassive black hole burping nearby
Astronomers found this outburst in the supermassive black hole centered in the small galaxy NGC 5195.
Galactic merger reveals an unusual black hole that has shed its stars
An unusually star-deprived black hole at the site of two merged galaxies could provide new insight into black hole evolution and behavior.
Orion spacecraft
Read about ESA’s service module that will power NASA’s Orion spacecraft to the Moon and beyond
2016 preview
2016 will be another exciting year for the European Space Agency
The magic of the gravity-defying cylinder
The motion of an eccentrically loaded circular hoop is analysed when it rolls without slipping in
such a way that its centre of mass stays at the same vertical height, ensuring the conservation of
kinetic energy of the hoop. The equation of the requi…
Rover Rounds Martian Dune to Get to the Other Side
NASA’s Curiosity rover has driven to the downwind side of an active sand dune and returned images of cascaded sand.
Message to the Queen
British ESA astronaut Tim Peake’s message to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Strong magnetic fields prevalent in stars
A survey of red giants shows that most host strong magnetic fields deep within their cores.
Rotational clock for stars needs recalibration
One recently developed method for determining a star’s age needs to be recalibrated for stars that are older than our Sun.
Holiday highlights
Images from Rosetta taken over the holiday period
Power to ISS
Sunrise strikes the solar panels that power the International Space Space Station, caught by astronaut Tim Peake on New Year’s Eve
Measuring gravity’s pull at the surface of distant stars
Researchers have found a new way to measure the pull of gravity at the surface of a star.
Potential Remedies for the High Synchrotron-Radiation-Induced Heat Load for Future Highest-Energy-Proton Circular Colliders
Author(s): R. Cimino, V. Baglin, and F. Schäfers
A new design scheme for future high-energy particle colliders could halve the cost of cooling future machines.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 264804] Published Thu Dec 31, 2015
Postal service celebrates Pluto exploration and more
The U.S. Postal Service has previewed the New Year’s series of stamps highlighting NASA’s Planetary Science program, including a do-over of a famous Pluto stamp commemorating the NASA New Horizons’ historic 2015 flyby.
Teleconnection Paths via Climate Network Direct Link Detection
Author(s): Dong Zhou, Avi Gozolchiani, Yosef Ashkenazy, and Shlomo HavlinA new method allows researchers to extract climate connections between remote regions from global temperature datasets.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 268501] Published Wed Dec 30, 2015
On-Chip Maxwell’s Demon as an Information-Powered Refrigerator
Author(s): J. V. Koski, A. Kutvonen, I. M. Khaymovich, T. Ala-Nissila, and J. P. Pekola
A pair of connected single-electron devices functions as a Maxwell’s demon that operates without external control.
[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 260602] Published Wed Dec 30, 2015
Cassini Completes Final Close Enceladus Flyby
Cassini will continue to monitor activity on Enceladus from a distance, through the end of its mission in Sept. 2017.
News and Features – NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2015-12-29 23:12:00
Thermal Generation of Spin Current in an Antiferromagnet
Author(s): S. Seki, T. Ideue, M. Kubota, Y. Kozuka, R. Takagi, M. Nakamura, Y. Kaneko, M. Kawasaki, and Y. TokuraExperiments show that a heat gradient can generate a spin-wave spin current in an antiferromagnetic insulator.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 266601…
James Webb mirrors meet halfway mark
The installation of its ninth mirror marks the halfway completion point for the James Webb Space Telescope’s segmented primary mirror.
Quantum Delayed-Choice Experiment with a Beam Splitter in a Quantum Superposition
Author(s): Shi-Biao Zheng, You-Peng Zhong, Kai Xu, Qi-Jue Wang, H. Wang, Li-Tuo Shen, Chui-Ping Yang, John M. Martinis, A. N. Cleland, and Si-Yuan Han
A beam splitter is placed in a quantum superposition state of being both active and inactive allowing the wave and particle aspects of the system to be observed in a single setup.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 260403] Published Mon Dec 28, 2015
What stops solar eruptions?
Physicists determine the difference between false starts and true eruptions by studying the Sun’s magnetic field.
Europe’s first decade of navigation satellites

Ten years ago today saw the launch of Europe’s very first navigation satellite. A decade of hard work later, more than a third of the Galileo constellation has followed it into orbit and a ground network sharpening the satnav system’s accuracy encompasses the globe.
Christmas Eve asteroid
The closest this object will come to Santa and his eight tiny reindeer is about 28 times the distance between Earth and the moon.
This year marks the first Full Moon on Christmas Day since 1977
Santa likely won’t need Rudolph’s help this year, not with a Full Moon sharing the sky over Christmas Eve and morning. This is the first Full Moon to occur on Christmas Day since 1977; another one won’t arrive until 2034.
Our satell…
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Radar Images of a Christmas-Eve Asteroid: An Early Gift for Astronomers
New radar images show asteroid 2003 SD220, which will safely fly past Earth on Dec. 24.
Radar Images of a Christmas-Eve Asteroid: An Early Gift for Astronomers
New radar images show asteroid 2003 SD220, which will safely fly past Earth on Dec. 24.
Testing Einstein’s Equivalence Principle With Fast Radio Bursts
Author(s): Jun-Jie Wei, He Gao, Xue-Feng Wu, and Peter Mészáros
Time delays between correlated photons emitted from fast radio bursts induced by the gravitational potential of the Milky Way provide the most accurate tests of Einstein’s equivalence principle to date.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 261101] Published Wed Dec 23, 2015
Experimental Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-Type Six-Photon Quantum Nonlocality
Author(s): Chao Zhang, Yun-Feng Huang, Zhao Wang, Bi-Heng Liu, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo<br/>Quantum nonlocality gives us deeper insight into quantum physics. In addition, quantum nonlocality has been further recognized as an essential resource for device-independent quantum information processing in recent years. Most experiments of nonlocality are performed using a photonic system. Howeve…<br/><img src="//d22izw7byeupn1.cloudfront.net/journals/PRL/key_images/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.260402.png" width="200" height="100"><br/>[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 260402] Published Wed Dec 23, 2015
Microscopic Observation of Pauli Blocking in Degenerate Fermionic Lattice Gases
Author(s): Ahmed Omran, Martin Boll, Timon A. Hilker, Katharina Kleinlein, Guillaume Salomon, Immanuel Bloch, and Christian GrossA fermion quantum gas microscope that operates in the quantum degenerate regime is used to directly measure local atom numb…
Year in images
Our year through the lens: a selection of our favourite images for 2015
NASA suspends InSight mission to Mars
Unable to fix a leak with the mission’s main science instrument in time to make the 2016 launch window, NASA must wait two years to try again.
Probing Mars, charging cars

Engineers developing a drill for probing Mars, the Moon and asteroids have created the world’s first portable charger to power up electric cars anywhere, anytime.
Giant comets could pose danger to life on Earth
The discovery of hundreds of giant comets in the outer solar system over the last two decades means that these objects pose a much greater hazard to life than asteroids.
U.S. Demonstrates Production of Fuel for Missions to the Solar System and Beyond
The Department of Energy, with NASA funding, has completed the first U.S. production in nearly 30 years of a specialized fuel to power future deep space missions.
U.S. Demonstrates Production of Fuel for Missions to the Solar System and Beyond
The Department of Energy, with NASA funding, has completed the first U.S. production in nearly 30 years of a specialized fuel to power future deep space missions.
NASA Suspends 2016 Launch of InSight Mission to Mars
After thorough examination, NASA managers have decided to suspend the planned March 2016 launch of the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission.
Lowdown on Ceres: Images From Dawn’s Closest Orbit
NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, cruising in its lowest and final orbit at dwarf planet Ceres, has delivered the first images from its best-ever viewpoint.
Chandra finds remarkable galactic ribbon unfurled
An extraordinary ribbon of hot gas trailing behind galaxy cluster Zwicky 8338 has been discovered using data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Measurement of the electron charge by a vacuum diode
The measurement of the electron charge is a suitable experimental assignment for high-school and
undergraduate courses of physics. We used two vacuum electron-tubes: (a) a double rectifying modern
diode with an indirectly heated cathode and (b) a spe…
Impedance modelling of pipes
Impedance models of pipes can be used to estimate resonant frequencies of standing waves and model
acoustic pressure of closed and open ended pipes. Modelling a pipe with impedance methods allows
additional variations to the pipe to be included in th…
Cassini Completes Final Close Enceladus Flyby
NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has begun transmitting data and images from the mission’s final close flyby of Saturn’s active moon Enceladus, which took place on Saturday, Dec. 19.
Methane Emissions in Arctic Cold Season Higher Than Expected
The amount of methane escaping from the ground during the Arctic’s long cold period each year and entering Earth’s atmosphere is likely much higher than current estimates.
Observation of an Orbital Interaction-Induced Feshbach Resonance in ^{173} Yb
Author(s): M. Höfer, L. Riegger, F. Scazza, C. Hofrichter, D. R. Fernandes, M. M. Parish, J. Levinsen, I. Bloch, and S. Fölling
Two separate groups have managed to control the interactions in a cold atomic gas in which each atom has two valence electrons.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 265302] Published Mon Dec 21, 2015
Strongly Interacting Gas of Two-Electron Fermions at an Orbital Feshbach Resonance
Author(s): G. Pagano, M. Mancini, G. Cappellini, L. Livi, C. Sias, J. Catani, M. Inguscio, and L. FallaniTwo separate groups have managed to control the interactions in a cold atomic gas in which each atom has two valence electrons.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 11…
2015 highlights
A look back at the highlights of 2015 for Europe in Space
How big can a black hole grow?
Black holes in the hearts of galaxies could swell to 50 billion times the Sun’s mass before losing the gas disks they rely on.
New findings from New Horizons shape understanding of Pluto and its moons
Among the highlights of a recent meeting are insights into Pluto’s geology and composition as well as new details about the unexpected haze in Pluto’s atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind.
A sparkling quintet

Space Science Image of the Week: A multicolour view of the galaxies in Stephan’s Quintet as revealed by Herschel, XMM-Newton and ground observatories
Reviews
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A Book that has Stayed with me: Judith Hillier
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How high can you build with bricks?
Modern skyscrapers are not built using traditional bricks, despite the fact that they would be
strong enough to withstand very large compressive forces.
Inertia—the answer
In my article (Featonby 2015 Phys. Educ . 50 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/50/6/768] 768
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/50/6/768] ) I asked what happens when a large mass is placed
between an impacting force and fragile item? Here I disc…
Decision balls—the question
Balls made of different rubbers are rolled down a gentle incline into a vertical block. Is a bouncy
ball, or non-bouncing ball more likely to knock over the vertical block?
NuSTAR finds clumpy doughnut around black hole
Scientists used the NASA NuSTAR and ESA XMM-Newton X-ray observatories to peer inside the thick disk of material around a massive black hole.
Silica presents puzzles for Mars rover team
NASA’s Curiosity rover has found much higher concentrations of silica at recent sites than anywhere else it has visited since landing on Mars.
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 7-11 December 2015
Christmas comet
Season’s greetings from Rosetta and Philae
Magnetic Alignment of Block Copolymer Microdomains by Intrinsic Chain Anisotropy
Author(s): Yekaterina Rokhlenko, Manesh Gopinadhan, Chinedum O. Osuji, Kai Zhang, Corey S. O’Hern, Steven R. Larson, Padma Gopalan, Paweł W. Majewski, and Kevin G. Yager
Experiments demonstrate that a magnetic field can cause polymers to organize into arrangements that are potentially useful for clean energy products.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 258302] Published Fri Dec 18, 2015
Tim’s media briefing
Watch replay of ESA astronaut Tim Peake’s first live video link since he arrived at the International Space Station
Lightsabres for real
ESA’s animated guide to lasers on Earth and in space, for kids of all ages
Mongolian marvel
Earth observation image of the week: a Sentinel-2A image of Southern Mongolia, also featured on the Earth from Space video programme
Hubble sees the force awakening in a newborn star
Hubble catches Star Wars fever, showing off “lightsaber” feature shooting out of a young star system.
Reversible versus irreversible thermalization of two finite blocks
We address both irreversible and reversible thermalization of two finite blocks with different
thermal capacities and different initial temperatures. An instructive comparison between the two
cases is developed and the increase of total entropy for t…
Cassini closes in on Enceladus one last time
NASA’s Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft makes its final close flyby of the ocean-bearing moon Enceladus on December 19.
Dark Universe Mission Ready to Take Shape
The Euclid mission has passed its preliminary design review, clearing the way to start construction.
Asteroid Looks Even Better Second Time Around
Radar imagery of asteroid 1998 WT24 has been obtained by NASA’s Goldstone Solar System Radar.
Rocks Rich in Silica Present Puzzles for Mars Rover Team
At recently studied sites, Mars Curiosity has found higher silica concentrations than at sites visited earlier in its Martian travels.
NuSTAR Finds Cosmic Clumpy Doughnut Around Black Hole
The donut-shaped disks of material that feed growing black holes may not be as smooth as once thought.
Mars Spacecraft Shipped to California for March Launch
NASA’s next Mars spacecraft has arrived at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, for final preparations before a launch scheduled in March 2016 and a landing on Mars six months later.
Galileo’s power of 12
Europe now has a dozen navigation satellites in orbit
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 18 December, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of Southern Mongolia
Shifting ice

ESA’s CryoSat mission has provided the best maps yet of the changing height of Earth’s largest ice sheets
Galileo’s dozen: 12 satellites now in orbit

The pace of deploying Europe’s own satellite navigation system continued to increase with today’s launch of the latest pair of Galileo satellites, doubling the number of satellites in space within nine months.
Launch replay

Replay of the launch transmission of Soyuz carrying Galileo satellites 11 and 12 on 17 December at 11:51 GMT from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana
Galileo lifts off

Replay of liftoff of Soyuz carrying Galileo satellites 11 and 12, at 11:51 GMT, from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana
ESA confirms James Webb telescope Ariane launch

The next great space observatory took a step closer this week when ESA signed the contract with Arianespace that will see the James Webb Space Telescope launched on an Ariane 5 rocket from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou in October 2018.
Euclid dark Universe mission ready to take shape

Euclid, ESA’s dark Universe mission, has passed its preliminary design review, providing confidence that the spacecraft and its payload can be built. It’s time to start ‘cutting metal’.
Stellar remains reveal Andromeda’s history
Planetary nebulae, stars similar to the Sun which have burnt up their fuel and ejected their external layers, make it possible to study two main substructures of the Andromeda galaxy and determine their histories.
Designing physics video hooks for science students
This paper offers an insight into the design structure of physics video hooks that were developed by
the Science Education Resource design team in the school of education (SOE) in National University
of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway). A hook, is an ins…
Rotating swings—a theme with variations
Rotating swing rides can be found in many amusement parks, in many different versions. The ‘wave
swinger’ ride, which introduces a wave motion by tilting the roof, is among the classical amusement
rides that are found in many different parks, in …
Wave function modelling of a pendulum-spring system exhibiting simple harmonic motion
Instructors are always looking for ideas and methods to deliver lessons and it’s sometimes difficult
to pass along abstract concepts to students. Here, we have developed an ‘all in one’ summary of wave
mechanics from start to finish then connec…
Hubble captures first-ever predicted exploding star
The reappearance of the supernova was calculated from different models of the galaxy cluster whose immense gravity is warping the supernova’s light.
NASA Spinoff 2016: Space Technologies Used on Earth
NASA technology is all around us, turning trash into oil, saving women from a deadly complication of childbirth, and putting the bubbles in beer.
