When you go to Mars, bring a chef, argued Thorsten Schmidt at TEDxESA. Watch his talk on preparing meals for ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen’s mission
Inside a rocket’s belly

Human spaceflight and robotic operations image of the week: Looking up at the European Service Module test model that will power NASA’s Orion spacecraft
Integral X-rays Earth’s aurora

Normally busy with observing high-energy black holes, supernovas and neutron stars, ESA’s Integral space observatory recently had the chance to look back at our own planet’s aurora.
Mars Rover Opportunity Busy Through Depth of Winter
NASA’s Opportunity rover, which landed on Mars 12 years ago this week, remained active through the shortest-sunshine days of the current Martian winter.
Cassini Heads for ‘Higher Ground’ at Saturn
The Saturn-orbiting spacecraft has begun a series of maneuvers that will carry it out of Saturn’s ringplane toward the next phase of its mission.
Galaxy Clusters Reveal New Dark Matter Insights
A new study finds connections between properties of galaxy clusters and their surrounding dark-matter environment.
On-Shell Recursion Relations for Effective Field Theories
Author(s): Clifford Cheung, Karol Kampf, Jiri Novotny, Chia-Hsien Shen, and Jaroslav Trnka
A modern technique for computing scattering amplitudes—the key ingredients for predicting what particle physics experiments will observe—has now been extended to cover effective quantum field theories.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 041601] Published Mon Jan 25, 2016
Evidence of Halo Assembly Bias in Massive Clusters
Author(s): Hironao Miyatake, Surhud More, Masahiro Takada, David N. Spergel, Rachel Mandelbaum, Eli S. Rykoff, and Eduardo Rozo
The clumping of galaxies and galaxy clusters has a subtle dependence on their assembly history—a predicted effect that has now been detected.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 041301] Published Mon Jan 25, 2016
Counting down
The first laser node of the European Data Relay System will be launched into space on 29 January from Baikonur, Kazakhstan
Comet landscape

Space science image of the week: Soak up the sights of the diverse landscape in the Imhotep region of Rosetta’s comet
All the classical planets align under one sky this week
For those willing to brave January’s cold, five planets will look spectacular before sunrise all week.
Primitive star offers clues about the early universe
This new, brightest example of an ultra metal-poor star will help astronomers understand how the first stars in the universe lived and died.
Theorists propose a new method to probe the beginning of the universe
New research suggests the existence of “primordial standard clocks,” in the form of heavy particles, which can be used to measure the passage of time at the universe’s birth.
Voyager Mission Celebrates 30 Years Since Uranus
Looking back at the first and only encounter with this mysterious planet (so far).
Launch timelapse
A timelapse of last month’s Principia launch to the Internaional Space Station with ESA astronaut Tim Peake, in 4K ultra-high definition
Inflatable Dark Matter
Author(s): Hooman Davoudiasl, Dan Hooper, and Samuel D. McDermottThe overabundance of dark matter predicted by many otherwise well-motivated models could be remedied if the universe underwent a period of late-time inflation.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 03130…
Unexpected Molecular Weight Effect in Polymer Nanocomposites
Author(s): Shiwang Cheng, Adam P. Holt, Huiqun Wang, Fei Fan, Vera Bocharova, Halie Martin, Thusitha Etampawala, B. Tyler White, Tomonori Saito, Nam-Goo Kang, Mark D. Dadmun, Jimmy W. Mays, and Alexei P. SokolovThe thickness of the interfacial layer be…
LISA Pathfinder arrives at its worksite
After a six-week journey, LISA Pathfinder arrived at its destination today, an orbit around a point of balance in space where it will soon start testing technologies crucial for exploring the gravitational Universe.
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 18-22 January 2016
Dark ‘noodles’ may lurk in the Milky Way
Invisible structures shaped like noodles, lasagna sheets, or hazelnuts could be floating around in our galaxy radically challenging our understanding of gas conditions in the Milky Way.
A Planetary Quintet is Dancing Across the Skies
For the next month, early risers will have a chance to feast their eyes on a rare lineup of five planets.
NASA Mars Rover Curiosity Tastes Scooped, Sieved Sand
At its current location for inspecting an active sand dune, NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover is adding some sample-processing moves not previously used on Mars.
NASA’s LISA Pathfinder Thrusters Operated Successfully
The Disturbance Reduction System on LISA Pathfinder has the goal of keeping the spacecraft as still as possible.
Walk-Off-Induced Modulation Instability, Temporal Pattern Formation, and Frequency Comb Generation in Cavity-Enhanced Second-Harmonic Generation
Author(s): F. Leo, T. Hansson, I. Ricciardi, M. De Rosa, S. Coen, S. Wabnitz, and M. ErkintaloA theoretical framework to model quadratically nonlinear resonators reveals a new type of modular instability that triggers the formation of optical frequency…
Long-Range Plasmon-Assisted Energy Transfer between Fluorescent Emitters
Author(s): D. Bouchet, D. Cao, R. Carminati, Y. De Wilde, and V. KrachmalnicoffThe range of energies that can be transferred between two molecules can be increased by a factor of almost one thousand using a simple silver mirror.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 0…
Colloidal Swarms Can Settle Faster than Isolated Particles: Enhanced Sedimentation near Phase Separation
Author(s): Enrico Lattuada, Stefano Buzzaccaro, and Roberto PiazzaA concentrated suspension of particles can fall through a fluid faster than a single particle.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 038301] Published Thu Jan 21, 2016
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 22 January, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A satellite image of Bahrain
The aliens are silent because they are extinct
In research aiming to understand how life might develop, scientists realized new life would commonly die out due to runaway heating or cooling on their fledgling planets.
Colours of Bahrain
Earth observation image of the week: a Sentinel-2A image of Bahrain, also featured on the Earth from Space video programme
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Developing specialized guided worksheets for active learning in physics lectures
As universities attempt to integrate active learning into their lectures, a range of strategies is
emerging. Amongst the strategies is pre-prepared worksheets which students work through, facilitated
by the lecturer. Despite the fact that worksheets …
Improved Constraints on Cosmology and Foregrounds from BICEP2 and Keck Array Cosmic Microwave Background Data with Inclusion of 95 GHz Band
Author(s): P. A. R. Ade et al. (Keck Array and BICEP2 Collaborations)
New measurements of B modes in the cosmic microwave background from BICEP2 and the Keck Array provide the strongest constraints yet on gravitational waves from inflation.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 031302] Published Wed Jan 20, 2016
Anomalously Soft Non-Euclidean Springs
Author(s): Ido Levin and Eran SharonMaterials that naturally curl up into complex shapes might be used to make springs with unusual mechanical properties.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 035502] Published Wed Jan 20, 2016
Researchers see signs of a real Planet X
The gravitational tug on outer solar system objects indicates this giant world — if it exists — would be 5,000 times more massive than Pluto and take up to 20,000 years to orbit the Sun.
Nearing the limits of life on Earth
Failure to find active microbes in coldest Antarctic soils has implications for the search for life on Mars.
From sea to space
Technology image of the week: What looks like an abstract artwork is actually a novel antenna to track global ship traffic from orbit
Spacewalk replay
Highlights from Friday’s spacewalk with Tim Peake and Tim Kopra
Plant gravity
Human spaceflight and robotic exploration image of the week: A lentil root grown on the International Space Station
Ionization Avalanching in Clusters Ignited by Extreme-Ultraviolet Driven Seed Electrons
Author(s): Bernd Schütte, Mathias Arbeiter, Alexandre Mermillod-Blondin, Marc J. J. Vrakking, Arnaud Rouzée, and Thomas Fennel
Nano-fireworks can be ignited by an invisible extreme-ultraviolet light flash. The extreme-ultraviolet pulse generates a few seed electrons, which are then multiplied in an ionization avalanche induced by heating from a near-infrared laser pulse.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 033001] Published Tue Jan 19, 2016
Dark Matter Velocity Spectroscopy
Author(s): Eric G. Speckhard, Kenny C. Y. Ng, John F. Beacom, and Ranjan Laha
Whether mysterious high-energy photon emissions from our Galaxy come from dark matter or a more mundane source might be resolved by detecting their Doppler shifts along different lines-of-sight.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 031301] Published Tue Jan 19, 2016
Testing General Relativity with the Shadow Size of Sgr A^{*}
Author(s): Tim Johannsen, Avery E. Broderick, Philipp M. Plewa, Sotiris Chatzopoulos, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Frank Eisenhauer, Vincent L. Fish, Reinhard Genzel, Ortwin Gerhard, and Michael D. Johnson
Deviations in the shadow of our Galaxy’s supermassive black hole could reveal violations of general relativity.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 031101] Published Tue Jan 19, 2016
Tim’s Star Wars
Tim Peake remembers his favourite Star Wars experience before his launch into space
Meet Sentinel-3

The third satellite for Europe’s Copernicus programme is set for launch on 4 February. Discover this multitalented mission
Earth from Space
Join us Tuesday, 19 January, at 14:00 CET for a special edition on Sentinel-3A in the cleanroom
Spokes in Serpens Core

Space Science Image of the Week: ESA’s Herschel space observatory has revealed much about our galaxy’s dense molecular clouds, including the nearby Serpens Core
Green pea galaxy provides insights to early universe evolution
This type of galaxy represents a special and rare class in the nearby universe, and it is believed to host stellar explosions or winds strong enough to eject ionizing photons.
Signs of second largest black hole in the Milky Way
Astronomers assume that this possible “intermediate mass” black hole is a key to understanding the birth of supermassive black holes located in the centers of galaxies.
Jason-3 Launches to Monitor Global Sea Level Rise
Jason-3, a U.S.-European oceanography satellite mission with NASA participation, lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California Sunday at 10:42 a.m. PST (1:42 EST) aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
Spacewalk selfie
ESA astronaut Tim Peake captures his spacewalk with Earth reflecting in his helmet’s visor
Jason-3 Lifts Off!
The Jason-3 international oceanography satellite mission is scheduled for launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base in central California on Sunday, Jan. 17.
NASA’s Stardust Sample Return was 10 Years Ago Today
The Stardust capsule carried precious cargo that revolutionized our understanding of comets.
Most Luminous Galaxy Is Ripping Itself Apart
About 12.4 billion years ago, a supermassive black hole produced so much energy, it stirred up gas across its entire galaxy.
Tim and Tim safely back in Space Station after spacewalk
After a 4 hour 43 minute spacewalk to replace a failed power regulator and install cabling, ESA astronaut Tim Peake and NASA astronaut Tim Kopra are back inside the International Space Station.
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 11-15 January 2016
Bumblebee Flight in Heavy Turbulence
Author(s): T. Engels, D. Kolomenskiy, K. Schneider, F.-O. Lehmann, and J. Sesterhenn
A simulation of a flying bee shows that insects don’t expend extra energy to maintain lift in turbulent air flow.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 028103] Published Fri Jan 15, 2016
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer in Porous Crystals Containing Adsorbed Gases: Applications to Metal-Organic Frameworks
Author(s): Hasan Babaei and Christopher E. WilmerPorous crystals are better heat conductors when they have adsorbed less gas, due to reduced phonon scattering at the gas-solid interface.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 025902] Published Fri Jan 15, 2016
XLVI Eesti füüsikapäevad ja XXXVIII füüsikaõpetajate päevad
Anname teada, et XLVI Eesti füüsikapäevad ja XXXVIII füüsikaõpetajate päevad toimuvad 18-19.03.2016. Programmi kuuluvad ülevaateettekanded, mis tutvustavad laiemalt nii füüsika kui ka füüsikaga piirnevate valdkondade arengut meil ja mujal maailmas, samuti füüsikute viimase aja uurimistulemusi ning füüsika õpetamisega seonduvat. Reede, 18.03 on teaduse päev, laupäev, 19.03 on füüsikahariduse päev.
EDRS briefing
Replay of today’s media briefing on the European Data Relay System (EDRS) at ESA headquarters, 15 January
Most luminous galaxy is ripping itself apart
In this far-off galaxy, a ravenous black hole is devouring galactic grub. Its feeding frenzy produces so much energy, it stirs up gas across its entire galaxy.
Auld lang tracking syne
After 30 years of working on dozens of missions, an ESA antenna in Australia has been retired because of urban expansion and the increased risk of radio interference.
DG media briefing

Replay of ESA Director General Jan Woerner’s media briefing at ESA headquarters in Paris, 15 January
NOAA’s Jason-3 Spacecraft Ready for Launch
Jason-3, an international mission led by NOAA to continue U.S.-European satellite measurements of ocean-surface topography, is scheduled for launch on Jan. 17.
Test your astronaut skills and help ESA

With ESA astronaut Tim Peake stepping out of the International Space Station tomorrow, have you ever wanted to know if you have what it takes to be an astronaut? ESA is offering a trial version of a test developed for future astronauts for you to try at home – and by taking part you will help us select a new generation of astronauts.
On-Demand Single Photons with High Extraction Efficiency and Near-Unity Indistinguishability from a Resonantly Driven Quantum Dot in a Micropillar
Author(s): Xing Ding, Yu He, Z.-C. Duan, Niels Gregersen, M.-C. Chen, S. Unsleber, S. Maier, Christian Schneider, Martin Kamp, Sven Höfling, Chao-Yang Lu, and Jian-Wei Pan
A quantum dot embedded in a micropillar is an efficient source of pure and indistinguishable single photons

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 020401] Published Thu Jan 14, 2016
Generation of Phase-Locked Pulses from a Seeded Free-Electron Laser
Author(s): David Gauthier, Primož Rebernik Ribič, Giovanni De Ninno, Enrico Allaria, Paolo Cinquegrana, Miltcho Bojanov Danailov, Alexander Demidovich, Eugenio Ferrari, and Luca Giannessi
Frequency domain interferometry is used to generate two sequential phase-locked pulses from a free-electron laser in the X-ray to UV domain.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 024801] Published Thu Jan 14, 2016
Anomalous Depletion of Pore-Confined Carbon Dioxide upon Cooling below the Bulk Triple Point: An <i>In Situ</i> Neutron Diffraction Study
Author(s): K. L. Stefanopoulos, F. K. Katsaros, Th. A. Steriotis, A. A. Sapalidis, M. Thommes, D. T. Bowron, and T. G. A. Youngs
Neutron scattering experiments indicate that CO2 confined in nanopores does not freeze when cooled below the triple point but instead vacates the pores and solidifies in the bulk. Upon reheating the CO2 refills the nanopores.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 025502] Published Thu Jan 14, 2016
EDRS briefing

Watch media briefing on the European Data Relay System (EDRS) on Friday 15 January at ESA Headquarters, from 11:30 CET
View over an alien world

Operations image of the week: Huygens’ fish-eye view of Titan a decade ago
Brightest supernova ever seen pushes theoretical models to the edge
Researchers have discovered the brightest supernova ever seen, and the unusual object powering it could challenge what physicists know about dying stars.
Rosetta team confirms water ice on Comet 67P’s surface
Although water vapor is the main gas seen flowing from Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, very few examples of exposed water ice have been found on the surface.
Spacewalk live
Watch the spacewalk of ESA astronaut Tim Peake and NASA astronaut Tim Kopra on Friday as they exit the International Space Station
A Milky Way twin swept by an ultra-fast X-ray wind

ESA’s XMM-Newton has found a wind of high-speed gas streaming from the centre of a bright spiral galaxy like our own that may be reducing its ability to produce new stars.
The electric field and surface charges far and close to the battery for the transmission line
We consider two long resistive straight parallel wires carrying opposite constant currents and
calculate the potential and electric field everywhere in space and the surface charge densities
along the wires. The problem is solved through Laplace’s …
NASA’s Juno Spacecraft Breaks Solar Power Distance Record
NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter has broken the record to become humanity’s most distant solar-powered emissary.
Exposed ice on Rosetta’s comet confirmed as water

Observations made shortly after Rosetta’s arrival at its target comet in 2014 have provided definitive confirmation of the presence of water ice.
Zero-Area Single-Photon Pulses
Author(s): L. S. Costanzo, A. S. Coelho, D. Pellegrino, M. S. Mendes, L. Acioli, K. N. Cassemiro, D. Felinto, A. Zavatta, and M. Bellini
Broadband single-photon pulses can have a strong, if transient, interaction with an atomic medium.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 023602] Published Wed Jan 13, 2016
DG media briefing
Watch media briefing with ESA Director General Jan Woerner on Friday 15 January, from ESA headquarters. Streaming starts at 09:00 CET
New details on Ceres seen in Dawn images
Kupalo Crater has bright material exposed on its rim, which could be salts, and its flat floor likely formed from impact melt and debris.
Measuring the tilt of the Earth’s axis with the help of a plastic pipe and a piece of wood
In this project, a method that had been developed using a single setup was employed to correctly
measure the tilt of the Earth’s axis on 21 June 2015. The method is an easily comprehensible and
applicable technique that can be used in elementary sc…
How to determine the centre of mass of bodies from image modelling
Image modelling is a recent technique in physics education that includes digital tools for image
treatment and analysis, such as digital stroboscopic photography (DSP) and video analysis software.
It is commonly used to analyse the motion of objects….
New Details on Ceres Seen in Dawn Images
Intriguing features on dwarf planet Ceres stand out in exquisite detail in new images from NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, which recently reached its lowest-ever altitude at Ceres.
Testing LISA Pathfinder
While the spacecraft is en route to its operational orbit, scientists and engineers are checking that everything on LISA Pathfinder is working well. Watch how they trained for that
Launch tower
Human spaceflight and robotic exploration image of the week: Inside a rocket launch tower in Sweden
“X” marks a curious corner on Pluto’s icy plains
The New Horizons spacecraft shows some intriguing surface activity in the latest picture of Pluto.
Observation of a Single-Beam Gradient Force Acoustical Trap for Elastic Particles: Acoustical Tweezers
Author(s): Diego Baresch, Jean-Louis Thomas, and Régis Marchiano
Using new techniques for shaping sound waves from a single source, researchers have made acoustic tweezers that move particles around in three dimensions.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 024301] Published Mon Jan 11, 2016
Space on Dailymotion
Welcome to ESA’s new Dailymotion channel: Connect with us!
The case of the missing quasar
Astronomers can’t find any sign of the black hole at the center of a quasar. It is still there, of course, but over the past 10 years, it appears to have swallowed all the gas in its vicinity and gone quiet.
Proof that some galaxies are “LIERs”
A new study reveals the true origin of puzzling light from nearby galaxies — white dwarfs, not central black holes, explain these observations.
Dark pools on Titan

Space Science Image of the Week: Cassini–Huygens has discovered much about Saturn’s moon Titan, including pools of liquid methane and ethane on its surface
Symmetric Satellite Swarms and Choreographic Crystals
Author(s): Latham Boyle, Jun Yong Khoo, and Kendrick SmithTheorists define a new kind of crystal, where the symmetry is not based on the static locations of objects but instead on the relationship between their periodic motions, as in a group of satell…
Hanle Magnetoresistance in Thin Metal Films with Strong Spin-Orbit Coupling
Author(s): Saül Vélez, Vitaly N. Golovach, Amilcar Bedoya-Pinto, Miren Isasa, Edurne Sagasta, Mikel Abadia, Celia Rogero, Luis E. Hueso, F. Sebastian Bergeret, and Fèlix Casanova
A new type of magnetoresistance is measured in thin nonmagnetic platinum films with strong spin-orbit coupling due to spin accumulation at the surface of the film.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 016603] Published Fri Jan 08, 2016
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 4-8 January 2016
Galaxy quakes could improve hunt for dark matter
A team of scientists used spectroscopic observations to calculate the speed of the three Cepheid variables — stars used as yardsticks to measure distance in galaxies.
Effects of the generalised uncertainty principle on quantum tunnelling
In a previous paper (Blado et al 2014 Eur. J. Phys. 35
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/35/6/065011] 065011 ), we showed that quantum gravity effects
can be discussed with only a background in non-relativistic quantum mechanics at the undergradua…
NASA Office to Coordinate Asteroid Detection, Hazard Mitigation
NASA has formalized its ongoing program for detecting and tracking near-Earth objects.
The future of 3D printing
Watch materials technology specialist Tommaso Ghidini’s talk from the inaugural TEDxESA event
Superconducting Detectors for Superlight Dark Matter
Author(s): Yonit Hochberg, Yue Zhao, and Kathryn M. ZurekRegions of dark matter parameter space could be explored using superconductors sensitive to electron recoils from dark matter-electron scattering events, potentially allowing superlight dark matt…
Self-Amplification of Solid Friction in Interleaved Assemblies
Author(s): Héctor Alarcón, Thomas Salez, Christophe Poulard, Jean-Francis Bloch, Élie Raphaël, Kari Dalnoki-Veress, and Frédéric Restagno
A simple model borne out by experiments explains why it’s so hard to separate a pair of phonebooks whose pages have been interleaved.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 015502] Published Thu Jan 07, 2016
Most distant massive galaxy cluster identified
The megastructure is about 250 trillion times more massive than the Sun, or 1,000 times more massive than the Milky Way Galaxy.
NASA CORAL Mission to Raise Reef Studies to New Level
A NASA field campaign will measure the condition of the world’s threatened coral reef ecosystems over a larger area, and in greater detail, than ever before.
