Technology image of the week: James Webb’s NIRSpec and other space optical instruments highlighted to mark the UN Year of Light
Strange Star Likely Swarmed by Comets
New clues emerge in the mystery of a star with odd light patterns.
Strange Star Likely Swarmed by Comets
New clues emerge in the mystery of a star with odd light patterns.
Loss of Carbon in Martian Atmosphere Explained
A process involving ultraviolet light from the sun helps explain the ratio of heavier to lighter carbon in Mars’ atmosphere and resolve a dilemma about “missing” carbon.
Loss of Carbon in Martian Atmosphere Explained
A process involving ultraviolet light from the sun helps explain the ratio of heavier to lighter carbon in Mars’ atmosphere and resolve a dilemma about “missing” carbon.
Observation of Spin-Dependent Charge Symmetry Breaking in ΛN Interaction: Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy of _{Λ} ^{4} He
Author(s): T. O. Yamamoto et al. (J-PARC E13 Collaboration)
The energy spacing of the spin-doublet states in the Λ4He hypernucleus indicate a large spin dependent charge symmetry breaking in the ΛN interaction.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 222501] Published Tue Nov 24, 2015
Oodles of faint dwarf galaxies in Fornax shed light on a cosmological mystery
The discovery of numerous faint dwarf galaxies in Fornax suggests that the “missing satellites” are now being found.
Where Alice in Wonderland meets Albert Einstein
Gravitational lensing provides astronomers with a way of probing extremely distant galaxies and groups of galaxies in ways that would otherwise be impossible.
The Demon Star shines bright tonight
The variable star Algol in Perseus makes a fine target tonight, as it increase more than one magnitude in brightness over the course of the evening. The cycle repeats nearly every 3 days.
Mix as needed
Human spaceflight image of the week: how to keep liquids from mixing during a rocket launch
Tracking new missions from down under

For beachgoers, Australia’s pristine west coast is an ideal location to catch some rays. It is also ideal for catching signals from newly launched rockets and satellites, which is one reason why ESA is redeveloping its tracking capabilities down under.
Codevelopment of conceptual understanding and critical attitude: toward a systemic analysis of the survival blanket
One key objective of physics teaching is the promotion of conceptual understanding. Additionally,
the critical faculty is universally seen as a central quality to be developed in students. In recent
years, however, teaching objectives have placed str…
Longest reach of a cantilever with a tip load
How does one deliver a weight attached to the end of an elastic rod? The theoretical analysis is not
trivial. The longest horizontal reach of the rod depends on its length, rigidity and the angle at
the base. This nonlinear elastica cantilever proble…
The fluid dynamics of the chocolate fountain
We consider the fluid dynamics of the chocolate fountain. Molten chocolate is a mildly
shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid. Dividing the flow into three main domains—the pumped flow up the
centre, the film flow over each dome, and the freely falling…
NEOWISE Identifies Greenhouse Gases in Comets
Data from NASA’s NEOWISE mission are giving new insights into comet dust, nucleus sizes, and production rates for difficult-to-observe gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Earth Might Have Hairy Dark Matter
Dense filaments of dark matter particles, called “hairs,” are sprouting from Earth, according to a new study based on computer simulations.
New Earth Explorer
ESA announces the chance for scientists to submit their proposals for the next potential Earth Explorer satellite mission
New arrivals in Antarctica
The next crew to live and work at the Concordia Antarctic research station has arrived in the white desert. ESA-sponsored medical doctor Floris van den Berg will take over experiments for future spaceflight from Beth Healey, who has been a…
Cosmological Relaxation of the Electroweak Scale
Author(s): Peter W. Graham, David E. Kaplan, and Surjeet RajendranA theoretical proposal ties the puzzling light mass of the Higgs particle to a hypothetical new particle that plays an important role during the big bang.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 221801] P…
Earth might have hairy dark matter
A new study proposes the existence of long filaments of dark matter, or “hairs.”
A day on Pluto, a day on Charon
The New Horizons spacecraft captured Pluto rotating over the course of a full “Pluto day.”
Schiaparelli’s namesakes
Space science image of the week: What do a 19th-century astronomer, an impact basin and a mission to Mars have in common?
STEREO-A is back in full communications
NASA’s solar observatory recently emerged from behind the Sun, allowing full monitoring of our star’s activity to resume.
Small Crowders Slow Down Kinesin-1 Stepping by Hindering Motor Domain Diffusion
Author(s): Krzysztof Sozański, Felix Ruhnow, Agnieszka Wiśniewska, Marcin Tabaka, Stefan Diez, and Robert Hołyst
Researchers used a viscous fluid to disrupt the operation of a molecular motor that transports material inside biological cells, giving insights into how it works.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 218102] Published Fri Nov 20, 2015
Principia overview
ESA astronaut Tim Peake introduces his six-month Principia mission to the Internatioanl Space Station and what he will be doing in space
Sentinel-3A on its way

The latest satellite for the European Commission’s Copernicus environmental programme has left France bound for the Plesetsk launch site in Russia and launch late next month.
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 16-20 November 2015
Spanish mosaic
Earth observation image of the week: a Sentinel-2A image of Merida, Spain, also featured on the Earth from Space video programme
Satellite Sensors Would Deliver Global Fire Coverage
Wildfires can wreak havoc on human health, property and communities, so it’s imperative to detect them as early as possible.
2015 and 1997 El Ninos: Deja vu, or Something New?
New satellite to measure plant health

ESA plans to track the health of the world’s vegetation by detecting and measuring the faint glow that plants give off as they convert sunlight and the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide into energy.
Reciprocity Between Robustness of Period and Plasticity of Phase in Biological Clocks
Author(s): Tetsuhiro S. Hatakeyama and Kunihiko KanekoA theoretical analysis explains why circadian clocks can be robust but also able to adapt to environmental changes.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 218101] Published Thu Nov 19, 2015
Antiferromagnetic Heisenberg Spin Chain of a Few Cold Atoms in a One-Dimensional Trap
Author(s): S. Murmann, F. Deuretzbacher, G. Zürn, J. Bjerlin, S. M. Reimann, L. Santos, T. Lompe, and S. Jochim
Quantum magnetism that goes beyond nearest-neighbor correlations has been observed in a string of four ultracold fermions.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 215301] Published Thu Nov 19, 2015
A witness to a wet early Mars

Vast volumes of water once flooded through this deep chasm on Mars that connects the ‘Grand Canyon’ of the Solar System – Valles Marineris – to the planet’s northern lowlands.
Earth from Space
Join us on Friday, 20 November, at 10:00 CET for the “Earth from Space” video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of Merida, Spain
Dwarf star packs a magnetic punch
The star’s extraordinary magnetic field could cause a constant flurry of solar flare-like eruptions.
Dark matter dominates in nearby dwarf galaxy
By measuring the mass of a nearby dwarf galaxy called Triangulum II, a researcher may have found the highest concentration of dark matter in any known galaxy.
Relativistic mechanical–thermodynamical formalism—description of inelastic collisions
We present a relativistic formalism inspired by the Minkowski four-vectors that also includes
conservation laws such as the first law of thermodynamics. It remains close to the relativistic
four-vector formalism developed for a single particle, but i…
Classical noise, quantum noise and secure communication
Secure communication based on message encryption might be performed by combining the message with
controlled noise (called pseudo-noise) as performed in spread-spectrum communication used presently
in Wi-Fi and smartphone telecommunication systems. Q…
Numerical radiative transfer with state-of-the-art iterative methods made easy
This article presents an on-line tool and its accompanying software resources for the numerical
solution of basic radiation transfer out of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). State-of-the-art
stationary iterative methods such as Accelerated Λ-it…
Limitations on the Evolution of Quantum Coherences: Towards Fully Quantum Second Laws of Thermodynamics
Author(s): Piotr Ćwikliński, Michał Studziński, Michał Horodecki, and Jonathan Oppenheim
Thermodynamic laws that are unique to quantum systems in a superposition of states have been derived using an information-theory approach.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 210403] Published Wed Nov 18, 2015
Observing the birth of an alien planet
The newly found protoplant LkCa 15 b orbits a star 450 light-years away and appears to be on its way to growing into a world similar to Jupiter.
Superflares might make “most Earth-like exoplanet” uninhabitable
The atmosphere of exoplanets Kepler-438b is thought to have been stripped away as a result of radiation emitted from its superflaring red dwarf host star.
3D-printed alien
Technology image of the week: materials specialist Tommaso Ghidini showing unearthly-looking 3D-printed part at TEDxESA
Quantitative analysis of transmittance and photoluminescence using a low cost apparatus
We show how a low cost spectrometer, based on the use of inexpensive diffraction transmission
gratings coupled with a commercial digital photo camera or a cellphone, can be assembled and
employed to obtain quantitative spectra of different sources. I…
Book Review: Thinking in Physics: The Pleasure of Reasoning and Understanding
Description unavailable
Standard Model Prediction for Direct CP Violation in K→ππ Decay
Author(s): Z. Bai, T. Blum, P. A. Boyle, N. H. Christ, J. Frison, N. Garron, T. Izubuchi, C. Jung, C. Kelly, C. Lehner, R. D. Mawhinney, C. T. Sachrajda, A. Soni, and D. Zhang (RBC and UKQCD Collaborations)<br/>We report the first lattice QCD calculation of the complex kaon decay amplitude A_{0} with physical kinematics, using a 32^{3}×64 lattice volume and a single lattice spacing a, with 1/a=1.3784(68) GeV. We find Re(A_{0})=4.66(1.00)(1.26)×10^{−7} GeV and Im(A_{0})=−1.90(1.23)(1.08)×10^{−11} GeV, wh…<br/><img src="//d22izw7byeupn1.cloudfront.net/journals/PRL/key_images/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.212001.png" width="200" height="100"><br/>[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 212001] Published Tue Nov 17, 2015
Blast Dynamics in a Dissipative Gas
Author(s): M. Barbier, D. Villamaina, and E. TrizacSelf-similar corrugated instabilities form after intense localized explosions in dissipative gasses.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 214301] Published Tue Nov 17, 2015
Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
Author(s): M. Aguilar et al. (AMS Collaboration)Improved measurements of the helium cosmic ray spectrum taken by the space-based Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer find deviations from a single power law behavior.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 211101] Published Tue N…
Optical Metacages
Author(s): Ali Mirzaei, Andrey E. Miroshnichenko, Ilya V. Shadrivov, and Yuri S. KivsharAn array of equally spaced nanowires, dubbed metacage, could block optical radiation from entering or escaping a region of arbitrary shape.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 21…
Curiosity roves toward active dunes
The rover will get its first close-up look at these dark “Bagnold Dunes” which skirt the northwestern flank of Mount Sharp.
“Chemical Laptop” could search for signs of life outside Earth
Like a tricorder from “Star Trek,” the Chemical Laptop is a miniaturized on-the-go laboratory, which researchers hope to send one day to another planetary body such as Mars or Europa.
The Right Stuff

Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: ESA’s operations managers are team leaders, motivating people and managing complex systems and situations on the cutting edge of human exploration
NASA’s Curiosity Mars Rover Heads Toward Active Dunes
The NASA Mars rover that is studying layers of a Martian mountain will soon get its first taste of the “Bagnold Dunes,” a dark sea of sand along the mountain’s base.
‘Chemical Laptop’ Could Search for Signs of Life Outside Earth
A small laptop-sized device is being developed at JPL to look for amino acids and fatty acids, with potential applications in space.
Quantum Phase Transition and Protected Ideal Transport in a Kondo Chain
Author(s): A. M. Tsvelik and O. M. Yevtushenko
Spontaneous breaking of helical symmetry in 1d interacting systems can result in symmetry protected ballistic transport.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 216402] Published Mon Nov 16, 2015
Sensing Atomic Motion from the Zero Point to Room Temperature with Ultrafast Atom Interferometry
Author(s): K. G. Johnson, B. Neyenhuis, J. Mizrahi, J. D. Wong-Campos, and C. Monroe
Ultrafast laser pulses can be used to control and characterize the quantum motion of a single trapped ion over 5 orders of magnitude in temperature.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 213001] Published Mon Nov 16, 2015
Search for GeV γ-Ray Pair Halos Around Low Redshift Blazars
Author(s): Wenlei Chen, James H. Buckley, and Francesc FerrerAnalysis of data from the Fermi Large Angle Telescope provides an indication of halos of gamma ray pairs around blazars at low redshift, and supports an estimate of the intergalactic magnetic…
A black hole in action
Space Science Image of the Week: Galaxy Hercules A reveals its spectacular jets
Astronomers discover a distant galaxy with a pulse
It is the first time scientists have measured the effect that pulsating older red stars have on the light of their surrounding galaxy.
Mapping winds on alien worlds
Astronomers discovered winds over 5,400 mph (8,700 km/h) flowing around exoplanet HD 189733 b.
PARIS
A message from our Director General, Jan Woerner
Evolution Arrests Invasions of Cooperative Populations
Author(s): Kirill S. KorolevWhen a strongly cooperative species invades new territory, its spread can slow down or stop, according to a mathematical model, suggesting potential strategies against cancer and insect pests.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 208104] P…
Meet LISA Pathfinder
LISA Pathfinder, launching 2 December, will pave the way for future missions by testing the technology for gravitational wave detection
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 9-13 November 2015
Fermi mission finds hints of gamma-ray cycle in an active galaxy
Scientists picked up indications of a roughly two-year-long variation of gamma rays from a galaxy known as PG 1553+113.
Shifting hot spots on Jupiter’s volcano moon Io
New images show that the massive volcano Loki Patera on Jupiter’s moon Io has changed in the past two years.
Upgrade helps NASA study mineral veins on Mars
Diverse composition of mineral veins at “Garden City” suggest multiple episodes of groundwater activity.
International effort reveals Greenland ice loss

One of Greenland’s glaciers is losing five billion tonnes of ice a year to the ocean, according to researchers. While these new findings may be disturbing, they are reinforced by a concerted effort to map changes in ice sheets with different sensors from space agencies around the world.
Chinese painting
Earth observation image of the week: a Sentinel-2A false-colour image of Qingdao and surroundings, in China, also featured on the Earth from Space video programme
A Breathing Planet, Off Balance
As people burn fossil fuels and clear forests, only half of the carbon dioxide released stays in the atmosphere. Earth’s vegetation ecosystems and oceans remove the other half.
Seven Case Studies in Carbon and Climate
Every part of Earth’s surface mosaic absorbs and releases carbon in a different way, with wild-card events complicating the picture.
In Greenland, Another Major Glacier Comes Undone
A new study by NASA and university researchers spells more trouble for Greenland’s Ice Sheet and global sea levels.
As Earth Warms, NASA Targets ‘Other Half’ of Carbon, Climate Equation
During a 9 am PST (noon EST) media teleconference today, NASA and university scientists will discuss new insights, tools and agency research into key carbon and climate change questions.
Shape-Independent Limits to Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer
Author(s): Owen D. Miller, Steven G. Johnson, and Alejandro W. RodriguezThe maximum amount of radiative heat that can be transferred between two objects of any shape has been calculated for separations of less than the thermal wavelength.[Phys. Rev. Le…
Exploring the Single Atom Spin State by Electron Spectroscopy
Author(s): Yung-Chang Lin, Po-Yuan Teng, Po-Wen Chiu, and Kazu Suenaga<br/>To control the spin state of an individual atom is an ultimate goal for spintronics. A single atom magnet, which may lead to a supercapacity memory device if realized, requires the high-spin state of an isolated individual atom. Here, we demonstrate the realization of well isolated transition metal …<br/>[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 206803] Published Thu Nov 12, 2015
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 13 November, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of Qingdao and surroundings, in China
Thomas Pesquet closer to space with mission name Proxima
Today, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet revealed the name and logo for his six-month mission to the International Space Station starting next November.
Thomas will be the 10th astronaut from France to head into space and his mission name of P…
Astronomers look to Titan for clouds, haze, and E.T.
Scientists discover a new cloud above haze-shrouded Titan’s south pole, while another researcher thinks that hazy atmospheres elsewhere could be a signature of extraterrestrial life.
Astronomers are eager to get a whiff of newfound Venus-like planet
This rocky planet, although hot as an oven, is cool enough to potentially host an atmosphere.
Rosetta and Philae: one year since landing on a comet

One year since Philae made its historic landing on a comet, mission teams remain hopeful for renewed contact with the lander, while also looking ahead to next year’s grand finale: making a controlled impact of the Rosetta orbiter on the comet.
The Helmholtz decomposition revisited
In electrodynamics it is generally accepted that only vector fields decaying asymptotically more
strongly than the inverse of the distance can be split into an irrotational and a solenoidal part,
although this decomposition can clearly be applied to…
The symmetry and simplicity of the laws of physics and the Higgs boson
We describe the theoretical ideas, developed between the 1950s–1970s, which led to the prediction of
the Higgs boson, the particle that was discovered in 2012. The forces of nature are based on
symmetry principles. We explain the nature of these sy…
Secondhand Spacecraft Has Firsthand Asteroid Experience
NASA’s NEOWISE mission has observed 158,000 asteroids and discovered more than 35,000 since December 2009.
Upgrade Helps NASA Study Mineral Veins on Mars
Diverse composition of mineral veins at the “Garden City” site investigated by NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover suggests multiple episodes of groundwater activity.
Spin-Resolved Fermi Surface of the Localized Ferromagnetic Heusler Compound Cu_{2} MnAl Measured with Spin-Polarized Positron Annihilation
Author(s): Josef A. Weber, Andreas Bauer, Peter Böni, Hubert Ceeh, Stephen B. Dugdale, David Ernsting, Wolfgang Kreuzpaintner, Michael Leitner, Christian Pfleiderer, and Christoph Hugenschmidt
The Fermi surface of a prototypical Heusler compound is measured using spin-polarized positron annihilation.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 206404] Published Wed Nov 11, 2015
Perturbing Open Cavities: Anomalous Resonance Frequency Shifts in a Hybrid Cavity-Nanoantenna System
Author(s): Freek Ruesink, Hugo M. Doeleman, Ruud Hendrikx, A. Femius Koenderink, and Ewold VerhagenThe resonant frequency of an optical cavity can be altered by the presence of a plasmonic nanoparticle.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 203904] Published Wed Nov 1…
Observation of Bloch Oscillations in Molecular Rotation
Author(s): Johannes Floß, Andrei Kamalov, Ilya Sh. Averbukh, and Philip H. Bucksbaum
A type of quantum oscillation—known to occur for electrons in a crystal—has now been observed in a gas of molecular rotors that are spun around by laser pulses.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 203002] Published Wed Nov 11, 2015
Conditions are prime for the Leonid meteor shower
Get out the blanket and the lawn chair, this year’s show peaks under dark skies November 17.
Scientists spot the closest Earth-sized exoplanet yet
Scientists have discovered an exoplanet named GJ 1132b, which is Earth-sized and rocky, orbiting a small star located just 39 light-years from Earth. But you wouldn’t want to live there.
Origins of Earth’s closest asteroid encounters identified
Scientists are unraveling where near-Earth asteroids come from
Planet or not a planet?
A scientist tries to devise a better definition for a planet.
Õpilaste füüsikaalaste uurimistööde konkurss: kokkuvõtted
TÜ koolifüüsika keskus ja EFS kutsusid sel kevadel õpilasi üles esitama oma uurimistöösid õpilaste füüsikaalaste uurimistööde konkursile. Laekus kaheksa tööd. Töid hindas žürii koosseisus Henn Voolaid, Andreas Valdmann ja Peeter Tenjes. Töid hindasime kahes kategoorias: ülikoolide teadlaste ja õppejõudude kaasjuhendamisel tehtud tööd ja koolides õpetajate juhendamisel tehtud tööd. Töödes hindasime eelkõige füüsikalist sisu, originaalsust ning analüüsi- ja […]
Trial by noise
Technology image of the week: ESA’s planet-spotting Cheops satellite being readied for acoustic testing
Ariane 5’s sixth launch this year
An Ariane 5 has delivered two telecom satellites, Arabsat-6B and GSAT-15, into their planned orbits.
Watch TEDxESA live
On 11 November 2015 we are launching TEDxESA. Watch the livestream from 17:00 CET
Near-Field Effects in Mesoscopic Light Transport
Author(s): R. Rezvani Naraghi, S. Sukhov, J. J. Sáenz, and A. Dogariu
A new model for light scattering explains why an unexpected amount of light propagates through materials containing densely packed scattering objects.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 203903] Published Tue Nov 10, 2015
Hydrogen Burning in Low Mass Stars Constrains Scalar-Tensor Theories of Gravity
Author(s): Jeremy SaksteinAlternate theories of gravitation can be tested using the minimum mass required for hydrogen burning to occur in Red Dwarf stars.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 201101] Published Tue Nov 10, 2015
Orion’s European module ready for testing
Earth from Space
Two experts join the show to tell us more about mapping urban areas from space

