NASA and university scientists have developed a new way to use satellite measurements to track changes in Atlantic Ocean currents, which are a driving force in global climate.
CubeSats to an asteroid

CubeSat concepts under study to accompany ESA’s proposed Asteroid Impact Mission into deep space
Encountering Enceladus

Space Science Image of the Week: Cassini captured this view of Saturn’s moon Enceladus en route to its deepest-ever dive through the moon’s icy geysers
Galileo pair preparing for December launch

The next Galileo launch campaign has begun with the arrival of the latest pair of navigation satellites at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana.
Disk gaps don’t always signal planets
New research shows that a gap in a disk could be a sort of cosmic illusion and not the sign of a hidden planet after all.
See Venus and Mars together in a telescope
Tomorrow morning, Mars and brilliant Venus make their closest approach in the dawn sky, allowing a rare opportunity for skygazers.
The youngest crater on Charon?
Organa crater is rich in frozen ammonia, and from what scientists have seen so far, unique on Pluto’s largest moon.
Halloween Skies to Include Dead Comet Flyby
The large space rock that will safely zip past Earth this Halloween is most likely a dead comet.
Saturn’s Geyser Moon Shines in Close Flyby Views
NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has sent back new images of Saturn’s active moon Enceladus, acquired during its Oct. 28 flyby.
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 26-30 October 2015
Popping Balloons: A Case Study of Dynamical Fragmentation
Author(s): Sébastien Moulinet and Mokhtar Adda-Bedia
A balloon with low internal pressure bursts through the growth of a single crack, but above a critical pressure, it breaks apart from multiple cracks.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 184301] Published Fri Oct 30, 2015
Saturn’s geyser moon Enceladus shines in close flyby views
Cassini’s stunning images are providing us a quick look at Enceladus from this ultra-close flyby, but some of the most exciting science is yet to come.
This solar system isn’t big enough for the both of us. — Jupiter
Astrophysicists have found that Jupiter likely bumped a giant planet from the solar system.
A physically motivated quantization of the electromagnetic field
The notion that the electromagnetic field is quantized is usually inferred from observations such as
the photoelectric effect and the black-body spectrum. However accounts of the quantization of this
field are usually mathematically motivated and beg…
Excitement Grows as NASA Carbon Sleuth Begins Year Two
Scientists poring over data from NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 mission are seeing patterns emerge as they seek answers to questions about atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Rewrite of Onboard Memory Planned for NASA Mars Orbiter
NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will suspend activities next week to perform a multi-step update of onboard memory that is crucial in case of an unplanned computer reboot.
Voyager 1 Helps Solve Interstellar Medium Mystery
A study provides new insights about the magnetic field of the interstellar medium, using data from Voyager 1 and other spacecraft.
Signatures of a Two Million Year Old Supernova in the Spectra of Cosmic Ray Protons, Antiprotons, and Positrons
Author(s): M. Kachelrieß, A. Neronov, and D. V. Semikoz
Several puzzling features in cosmic ray spectra might be explained by a nearby supernova two million years ago. The same explosion may be the source of iron isotopes on Earth.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 181103] Published Thu Oct 29, 2015
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 30 October, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-1A image of the Manicouagan Crater
Melting slows ice flow
It may seem counter intuitive, but satellite data suggest that part of the Greenland ice sheet moves more slowly if the surface of the ice melts faster
NASA releases a full view of Pluto’s stunning crescent
Thanks to new processing work by the science team, New Horizons is releasing the entire breathtaking image of Pluto.
Traces of enormous solar storms in the ice of Greenland and Antarctica
Solar storms can cause major power outages, and they could also lead to breakdowns of satellites and communication systems.
Comet gas surprise
Rosetta’s surprising detection of oxygen suggests it was built into the comet from the start
Deepest-Ever Dive Through Enceladus Plume Completed
NASA’s Cassini spacecraft successfully completed its close flyby of Saturn’s moon Enceladus today, passing 30 miles (49 kilometers) above the moon’s south polar region.
Rover touchdown test
Technology image of the week: Testing out how the 2018 ExoMars rover will descend from its lander onto the dusty surface of the red planet
Surprising discovery of oxygen in Comet 67P’s atmosphere
A chemical analysis of Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s atmosphere revealed a high proportion of oxygen molecules.
Everything you need to know about Cassini’s flyby at Enceladus today
Today NASA will attempt to sample the ocean beneath Saturn’s moon Enceladus as it flies through a plume of icy spray.
Halloween asteroid gives us a miss, confirms ESA

An asteroid four times the size of a football pitch will miss Earth on All Hallows’ Eve. The flyby highlights the need to watch for space rocks.
Determination of Young’s modulus by studying the flexural vibrations of a bar: experimental and theoretical approaches
An experimental method has been devised to study the flexural vibrations of a bar to accurately
determine the Young’s modulus of its material. The vibrations are maintained electrically with the
help of tiny magnets glued at the free end of the bar…
Why not energy conservation?
Energy conservation is a deep principle that is obeyed by all of the fundamental forces of nature.
It puts stringent constraints on all systems, particularly systems that are ‘isolated,’ meaning that
no energy can enter or escape. Notwithstanding…
A derivation of the beam equation
The Euler–Bernoulli equation describing the deflection of a beam is a vital tool in structural and
mechanical engineering. However, its derivation usually entails a number of intermediate steps that
may confuse engineering or science students at th…
Chemical reactions in endoreversible thermodynamics
Endoreversible thermodynamics is a theory for the (approximate) description of thermodynamic
non-equilibrium systems, which allows us to capture the ever present irreversibilities of real
processes. For instance in heat engines the dissipation due to…
Feynman and the kinetic energy of an ice skater
By employing the angular momentum and mechanical energy theorems, we analyse the increase of the
angular velocity for an ice skater who changes his arms, initially in an horizontal position, along
the axis of the body, first with respect to the lab f…
Black Hole Has Major Flare
The baffling and strange behaviors of black holes have become somewhat less mysterious, with new observations from two NASA missions.
Celebrating rebirth

Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: All Hallows’ Eve celebrates the cycle of destruction and rebirth, which our Cluster mission knows well
Cell Chirality Induces Collective Cell Migration in Epithelial Sheets
Author(s): Katsuhiko Sato, Tetsuya Hiraiwa, and Tatsuo ShibataA model of cell migration shows how cell chirality can lead to unidirectional motion of a group of cells.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 188102] Published Tue Oct 27, 2015
Black hole has major flare
Two space telescopes caught a supermassive black hole in the midst of a giant eruption of X-ray light, helping astronomers address an ongoing puzzle: How do supermassive black holes flare?
Scientists predict that rocky planets formed from “pebbles”
Understanding why Mars is smaller than expected has frustrated scientists’ modeling efforts for decades.
Exploring the seas, thanks to space
An underwater robot initially built to help astronauts train for life in weightlessness is now being tested in the Mediterranean Sea. One day, robots like this may carry out sophisticated missions on our ocean floors, from finding lost air…
High-Tech Methods Study Bacteria on the International Space Station
Researchers used cutting-edge technology to analyze bacteria present on the International Space Station and compare it to controlled clean rooms on Earth.
Dawn Mission Status Report Dawn Heads Toward Final Orbit
NASA’s Dawn spacecraft fired up its ion engine on Friday, Oct. 23, to begin its journey toward its fourth and final science orbit at dwarf planet Ceres.
Seven Key Facts About Cassini’s Oct. 28 ‘Plume Dive’
Facts to help you understand what Cassini’s upcoming Enceladus flyby is all about.
Gravitational Waves from a Dark Phase Transition
Author(s): Pedro SchwallerA first order phase transition in the early Universe is shown to be generic to a large class of composite dark matter models. This phase transition may result in detectable gravitational wave signals.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 181…
A spooky skyscape
Space Science Image of the Week: An intense burst of charged particles from the Sun created this eerie celestial display, captured in the skies above Norway
Scientists predict space debris will burn up in Earth’s atmosphere next month
Catalina Sky Survey observations allowed scientists to spot the object, which looks more like space junk than a natural body.
Hubble spies Big Bang frontiers
Some of these galaxies formed just 600 million years after the Big Bang and are fainter than any other galaxy yet uncovered by Hubble.
Charter marks 15 years
The International Charter Space and Major Disasters celebrates 15 years of free access to the best-available satellite images
Fuel Additive Could Lead to Safer Jet Fuel
A new study describes polymers that could potentially increase the safety of aviation fuel, both during transportation and in the event of a collision.
Climate Cube

Displaying the essential role satellites play in monitoring our changing world, the Climate Cube on the Champs-Elysées in Paris was inaugurated in the presence of ESA’s Director General Jan Woerner
Semivisible Jets: Dark Matter Undercover at the LHC
Author(s): Timothy Cohen, Mariangela Lisanti, and Hou Keong Lou
Models of dark matter that include dark-sector particles with strong coupling could have evaded LHC searches due to jets of strongly interacting particles that mask their “missing energy” signatures.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 171804] Published Fri Oct 23, 2015
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 19-23 October 2015
Last of Pluto’s moons — mysterious Kerberos — revealed by New Horizons
Pluto’s moon Kerberos appears to be smaller than scientists expected and has a highly reflective surface, which suggests it’s coated with relatively clean water ice.
Reentry data will help improve prediction models

A rare reentry of a suspected rocket body from a very high orbit next month offers an excellent opportunity to gather data to improve our knowledge of how objects interact with Earth’s atmosphere.
Demonstrating Martian gravity
The surface gravity on Mars is smaller than the surface gravity on Earth, resulting in longer
falling times. This effect can be simulated on Earth by taking advantage of air resistance and
buoyancy, which cause low density objects to fall slowly enou…
Lucky Luke—the man who shoots faster than his shadow
The famous motto of the Lucky Luke comics series and its accompanying drawing are analyzed from a
physicist’s viewpoint. They provide useful pedagogical tools to discuss such aspects of relativity
as causality, the equivalence principle, gravitatio…
Humphrey Davy and the safety lamp: the use of metal gauze as a flame barrier
The ‘safety lamp’ invented by Humphrey Davy in 1815 utilised the cooling effect of metal gauze to
prevent the flame of a candle or oil lamp (essential for illumination in mines) from passing through
such a screen. It is therefore rendered unable …
On the Poggendorff experiment
Poggendorff showed experimentally, in the middle of the 19th century, that the weight of an Atwood
machine is reduced when it is brought to motion. His experiment has been revisited from time to
time, making use of instrumentation that reflects the t…
From the pinhole camera to the shape of a lens: the camera-obscura reloaded
We demonstrate how the form of a plano-convex lens and a derivation of the thin lens equation can be
understood through simple physical considerations. The basic principle is the extension of the
pinhole camera using additional holes. The resulting i…
Inertia—the question
What happens when a large mass is placed between an impacting force and fragile item? This is
investigated using a nail, tree trunk and plastic cups.
More about the puzzle of a marble in a spinning pipe
What trajectory in the laboratory frame does a marble follow if it is held inside a freely rotating
pipe and then suddenly released so that it can slide frictionlessly outward along the pipe? A
previously published solution is only valid for a pipe o…
Liquid in accelerated motion
What happens to a liquid in a swing or a loop? Accelerated motions lead to effects that may seem
surprising. Consider a liquid in a glass placed on a wooden triangle, in turn attached to a string
and moving fast in circle a vertical plane. The surfac…
Gay-Lussac experiment
In this paper, we present a low-cost method to study the Gay-Lussac’s law. We use a heating wire
wrapped around the test tube to heat the air inside and make use of a solid state pressure sensor
which requires a previous calibration to measure the …
‘Slowing’ mechanical waves with a consumer-type high-speed digital camera
In most secondary physics textbooks, waves are first introduced with examples of mechanical waves
because they can be illustrated by drawings and photographs. However, these illustrations are static
and cannot reflect the dynamic nature of waves. Alt…
A mechanical model of the smartphone’s accelerometer
To increase the attention of students, several physics experiments can be performed at school, as
well as at home, by using smartphones as laboratory tools. In this paper, we describe a mechanical
model of the smartphone’s accelerometer, which can …
A laborative model of geomagnetism as an example of creative learning
Creative learning is discussed with respect to a specific physics topic. A teaching example, based
on an apparatus that demonstrates the standard dynamo model of geomagnetism, is presented. It
features many of the basic physics concepts within the sy…
Paper clip mystery—the answer
In my article (Featonby 2015 Phys. Educ . 50 641) a paperclip on a cotton thread was lowered towards
a string magnet, but what happened and why?
Learning aids for students taking physics
If a person has ‘a problem’ to solve and knows the solution and just has to apply it (retrieve it
from memory and re-act), it is not a problem—it is a task; if a person does not know the solution
and has to create it—this is a problem. Using …
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Measuring the speed of sound in water
This paper begins with an early measurement of the speed of sound in water. A historical overview of
the consequent development of SONAR and medical imaging is given. A method of measuring the speed
suitable for demonstration to year 10 students is d…
Solar current output as a function of sun elevation: students as toolmakers
Solar current is an increasingly important aspect of modern life and will be even more so crucial in
the students’ future. Encouraging students to be the ‘toolmakers’ allows students to take ownership
of scientific investigations, as well as fo…
Comment on ‘The teaching of mechanics: some criticisms, and suggestions for a rational approach’
The approach to the treatment of mass in relativistic mechanics advocated in the article by Keith
Atkin in the January 2015 issue of Physics Education (2015 Phys. Educ . 50 46) conflicts with the
viewpoint promoted of many eminent physicists for over…
Why low bounce balls exhibit high rolling resistance
A simple experiment is described to measure the coefficient of rolling friction for a low bounce
ball rolling on a horizontal surface. As observed previously by others, the coefficient increased
with rolling speed. The energy loss due to rolling fric…
NASA Calls for American Industry Ideas on ARM Spacecraft Development
NASA, through JPL, has issued a call to American industry for innovative ideas involving the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission.
NASA Teleconference to Preview Historic Flyby of Saturn Moon
NASA’s Cassini spacecraft will sample an extraterrestrial ocean next week when it flies directly through a plume of icy spray from Enceladus. A news telecon on Monday, Oct. 26, will preview the event.
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 23 October, at 10:00 CEST for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of Mexico City
Final kiss of two stars heading for catastrophe
The two stars in the extreme system VFTS 352 could be heading for a dramatic end, during which the two stars either coalesce to create a single giant star or form a binary black hole.
Cosmic “death star” is destroying a planet
Astronomers have spotted a large rocky object disintegrating in its death spiral around a distant white dwarf star.
African high point
Technology image of the week: the glacier topping Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro, imaged by Proba-V minisatellite
Navigation winners
Starting with 515 ideas from 40 countries in this year’s European Satellite Navigation Competition, 37 winners were announced in Berlin
Füüsika õpetajate sügisseminar Voorel 2015
6.-7. novembril toimub kolmas füüsikaõpetajate sügisseminar Voorel, Jõgevamaal www.voorepuhkekeskus.ee. Rõhuasetus on praktilistel asjadel: Õpitubades tehakse läbi olümpiaadi praktilisi töid, kasutatakse mõõtmiseks äppe, tutvutakse teleskoopide tööga (juhendajad Koit Timpmann, Eero Uustalu, Riina Murulaid, Siim Oks); Rühmatöödes uuritakse katsekomplekte (ja mitte ainult Vernier komplekte!) ja nende kasutamisvõimalusi. Kuidas tunde efektiivsemalt ette valmistada? Teadusest, õppimisest, õpetamisest räägivad Indrek Tallo (TÜ), Toomas […]
Uppumine Titanicuga
„Titanicu” filmis ütleb Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio) Rose DeWitt Bukaterile (Kate Winslet), kui ahter hakkab vajuma, et naine oleks valmis ujuma, sest uppuv laevakere tõmbaks nad meresügavikku. Kas see tõmbefenomen tekib ka päriselt? Ja kui, siis miks? Franco Bagnoli astronoomiaosakond ning keerulise dünaamika uurimiskeskus, Firenze ülikool, Itaalia, franco.bagnoli@unifi.it, DOI: 10.1051/epn/2015205 Tõmme tekib kindlasti. Oma mälestustes [1] kirjeldab […]
Pakatavad rahasalved ehk jää ja vee struktuur
Carl Barksi klassikalises koomiksis „Suur rahasalv Seisaku mäel“ [1] täidab Onu Robert, järgides Piilupart Donaldi nõuannet, oma rahasalve veega, et seda Penipoiste eest kaitsta. Kahjuks juhtub see olema üks Pardilinna külmemaid öid. Vesi jäätub ja lõhub varasalve kolme meetri paksused seinad. Selle tulemusel pääseb valla hiiglaslik rahaga täidetud jääkamakas, mis libiseb mäest alla otse Penipoiste […]
Borneo on Fire
Thick smoke from the worst forest fires in nearly two decades blankets the island of Borneo in an Oct. 14 satellite image from NASA’s MISR instrument.
NASA Spots the ‘Great Pumpkin’: Halloween Asteroid a Treat for Radar Astronomers
NASA scientists are tracking the upcoming Halloween flyby of an asteroid with optical observatories and radar capabilities of the Deep Space Network at Goldstone, California.
NASA’s K2 Finds Dead Star Vaporizing a Mini ‘Planet’
A tiny, rocky object is likely being torn apart as it spirals around a white dwarf star.
Landing site recommended for ExoMars 2018
Oxia Planum has been recommended as the primary candidate for the landing site of the ExoMars 2018 mission.
Scientist gives “outlaw” particles less room to hide
Scientists used a giant particle detector at the South Pole to test whether the highest-energy neutrinos violate Einstein’s relativity theory by traveling faster than light.
First discovery of a magnetic field in a normal delta Scuti star
These stars are pulsating stars, some of which show signatures attributed to a second type of pulsations.
Knee problems
Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: Scanning knees to reveal cartilage health in space and on Earth
NASA Study Improves Understanding of LA Quake Risks
A new NASA-led analysis of a moderate earthquake that shook Greater Los Angeles in 2014 offers new insights into the potential for future earthquakes in the region.
30 million views
We’re proud to have passed a big milestone on our YouTube channel – thanks for watching!
Nonanalyticity, Valley Quantum Phases, and Lightlike Exciton Dispersion in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Theory and First-Principles Calculations
Author(s): Diana Y. Qiu, Ting Cao, and Steven G. LouieAn ab-initio calculation shows that excitons in a monolayer of the transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 exhibit an unusual low-energy dispersion pattern.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 176801] Published Tue …
Electron Microscopy of Probability Currents at Atomic Resolution
Author(s): A. Lubk, A. Béché, and J. Verbeeck
A commercial electron microscope is reconfigured to image crystalline strain and variations in electric and magnetic fields within a material.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 176101] Published Tue Oct 20, 2015
Climate Cube in Paris

The Climate Cube sitting on the Champs-Elysées focuses on how vital satellites are for understanding climate change, and how space is playing a major role in climate research and climate change mitigation
The IBEX spacecraft sets the “gold standard” for understanding the interstellar material surrounding our solar system
Data confirm that the local interstellar flow of helium atoms is significantly hotter than believed previously and provide insight into the direction the heliosphere is moving, as well as how fast it is traveling.
Most Earth-like worlds have yet to be born, according to theoretical study
When our solar system was born 4.6 billion years ago, only eight percent of the potentially habitable planets that will ever form in the universe existed.
News and Features – NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2015-10-19 22:10:00
JPL Launches Enhanced Education Website
JPL’s education office has relaunched its website with new capabilities and offerings for formal and informal educators, K-12 students and aspiring JPL interns and fellows.
Saturn and Dione

Space Science Image of the Week: Saturn’s moon Dione, viewed from the Cassini orbiter, crossing the face of its parent planet
Dust particles from afar
25 years ago, the Ulysses spacecraft was launched into space and now, for the first time, its complete set of measurements of interstellar dust has been analyzed.



