A routine check of the aluminum wheels on NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover has found two small breaks on the rover’s left middle wheel-the latest sign of wear and tear as the rover continues its journey, now approaching the 10-mile (16 kilome…
Futuristic Clock Prepared for Space
JPL’s Deep Space Atomic Clock was recently joined to the spacecraft that will take it into Earth orbit.
Measuring magnetism
Thanks to the Swarm satellite trio, the most detailed magnetic map yet from space of Earth’s rigid outer layer has been released
Collapsing cliff reveals comet’s interior
Rosetta scientists have made the first compelling link between an outburst of dust and gas and the collapse of a prominent cliff, which also exposed the pristine, icy interior of the comet.
Collapsing cliff reveals comet’s interior
Rosetta scientists have made the first compelling link between an outburst of dust and gas and the collapse of a prominent cliff, which also exposed the pristine, icy interior of the comet.
Wind-Driven Formation of Ice Bridges in Straits
Author(s): Bhargav Rallabandi, Zhong Zheng, Michael Winton, and Howard A. StoneNew theoretical work predicts the conditions under which sea ice will clog a narrow channel to create a natural bridge across it.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 128701] Published Tue…
Vibronic Spectroscopy with Submolecular Resolution from STM-Induced Electroluminescence
Author(s): Benjamin Doppagne, Michael C. Chong, Etienne Lorchat, Stéphane Berciaud, Michelangelo Romeo, Hervé Bulou, Alex Boeglin, Fabrice Scheurer, and Guillaume Schull
A scanning tunneling microscope is used to excite the fluorescence of single molecules, leading to the observation of well resolved vibronic features. The work opens the way to vibronic spectroscopy with atomic-scale resolution.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 127401] Published Tue Mar 21, 2017
Vibronic Spectroscopy with Submolecular Resolution from STM-Induced Electroluminescence
Author(s): Benjamin Doppagne, Michael C. Chong, Etienne Lorchat, Stéphane Berciaud, Michelangelo Romeo, Hervé Bulou, Alex Boeglin, Fabrice Scheurer, and Guillaume Schull
A scanning tunneling microscope is used to excite the fluorescence of single molecules, leading to the observation of well resolved vibronic features. The work opens the way to vibronic spectroscopy with atomic-scale resolution.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 127401] Published Tue Mar 21, 2017
Wind-Driven Formation of Ice Bridges in Straits
Author(s): Bhargav Rallabandi, Zhong Zheng, Michael Winton, and Howard A. StoneNew theoretical work predicts the conditions under which sea ice will clog a narrow channel to create a natural bridge across it.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 128701] Published Tue…
30 years of deforestation

While the world marks the International Day of Forests, satellites continue to monitor the long-term effects of human activities on our planet’s precious resources
Is it time to restore Pluto’s planetary status?
Redefining the world “planet” yet again could raise the number of planets in our solar system to over 100.
Unravelling Earth’s magnetic field

ESA’s Swarm satellites are seeing fine details in one of the most difficult layers of Earth’s magnetic field to unpick – as well as our planet’s magnetic history imprinted on Earth’s crust.
Unravelling Earth’s magnetic field

ESA’s Swarm satellites are seeing fine details in one of the most difficult layers of Earth’s magnetic field to unpick – as well as our planet’s magnetic history imprinted on Earth’s crust.
A circumzenithal arc to study optics concepts with geometrical optics
This paper describes the formation of a circumzenithal arc for the purpose of teaching light and
optics. A circumzenithal arc, an optic formation rarely witnessed by people, is formed in this study
using a water-filled cylindrical glass illuminated b…
Inseparable phone books demonstration
This study is aimed at first introducing a well-known discrepant event; inseparable phone books and
second, turning it into an experiment for high school or middle school students. This discrepant
event could be used especially to indicate how fricti…
Illuminating black holes. Part 2: vortices, soap stars, and bubble galaxies
The addition of soap to vortexing water produces bubble structures around the vortices’ ‘throats’
that resemble galaxies of stars. Such soap-bubble models can be used to suggest the prediction that,
at the heart of spiral galaxies may lie super…
A circumzenithal arc to study optics concepts with geometrical optics
This paper describes the formation of a circumzenithal arc for the purpose of teaching light and
optics. A circumzenithal arc, an optic formation rarely witnessed by people, is formed in this study
using a water-filled cylindrical glass illuminated b…
Inseparable phone books demonstration
This study is aimed at first introducing a well-known discrepant event; inseparable phone books and
second, turning it into an experiment for high school or middle school students. This discrepant
event could be used especially to indicate how fricti…
Illuminating black holes. Part 2: vortices, soap stars, and bubble galaxies
The addition of soap to vortexing water produces bubble structures around the vortices’ ‘throats’
that resemble galaxies of stars. Such soap-bubble models can be used to suggest the prediction that,
at the heart of spiral galaxies may lie super…
Mars Volcano, Earth’s Dinosaurs Went Extinct About the Same Time
A giant Martian volcano ended its activity about 50 million years ago, which happened to be around the same time dinosaurs went extinct on Earth.
Mars Volcano, Earth’s Dinosaurs Went Extinct About the Same Time
A giant Martian volcano ended its activity about 50 million years ago, which happened to be around the same time dinosaurs went extinct on Earth.
Origami-inspired Robot Can Hitch a Ride with a Rover
JPL’s PUFFER is a scout robot that can flatten itself to crawl into tight spaces.
Origami-inspired Robot Can Hitch a Ride with a Rover
JPL’s PUFFER is a scout robot that can flatten itself to crawl into tight spaces.
Does Mars Have Rings? Not Right Now, But Maybe One Day
The two moons of Mars may be progeny of past rings and parents of future rings around the Red Planet, NASA-funded research at Purdue University suggests.
Does Mars Have Rings? Not Right Now, But Maybe One Day
The two moons of Mars may be progeny of past rings and parents of future rings around the Red Planet, NASA-funded research at Purdue University suggests.
To the Arctic for CryoSat and beyond
After the relative quiet of the long dark winter months, the Arctic will be a tad busier over the coming weeks as numerous researchers descend on this harsh, yet fragile environment. Their aim is not to disturb its beauty, but to join forc…
To the Arctic for CryoSat and beyond
After the relative quiet of the long dark winter months, the Arctic will be a tad busier over the coming weeks as numerous researchers descend on this harsh, yet fragile environment. Their aim is not to disturb its beauty, but to join forc…
Glitter helps to monitor ocean waves
The notion of glitter might appear as somewhat frivolous, but scientists are using Sun glitter in images from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission to map the motion of the sea surface.
New theory suggests Mars had rings in the past
And Phobos could become more rings in the future.
B-ring it on!

Space Science Image of the Week: Cassini reveals extraordinarily fine detail in one of Saturn’s rings
Impact of a ping-pong ball
Measurements are presented of the impact time, peak force and centre of mass displacement of a
ping-pong ball impacting vertically on a hard, horizontal surface. The results are compared with a
recent measurement described in this journal.
Hans Christian Ørsted, narratives, oeuvres and physics education
In 1820 the Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the relationship between electricity
and magnetism by his famous wire-compass experiment. Ørsted was one of the foremost scientists of
the nineteenth century, and he was also one of the …
Plausibility arguments and universal gravitation
Newton’s law of universal gravitation underpins our understanding of the dynamics of the Solar
System and of a good portion of the observable universe. Generally, in the classroom or in
textbooks, the law is presented initially in a qualitative way…
An LED solar simulator for student labs
Measuring voltage–current and voltage–power curves of a photovoltaic module is a nice experiment for
high school and undergraduate students. In labs where real sunlight is not available this experiment
requires a solar simulator. A prototype of a…
The compound Atwood machine problem
The present paper accounts for progress in physics teaching in the sense that a problem, which has
been closed to students for being too difficult, is gained for the high school curriculum. This
problem is the compound Atwood machine with three bodie…
Measuring Earth’s axial tilt with a telescope
In this study, a method to measure the Earth’s axial tilt is attempted by using a telescope. As a
principal instrument, telescopes in astronomy courses are mostly to verify the astronomical objects
in sky and not to make sense of astronomical event…
Simple demonstration of optical logic gates using a double-slit diffraction experiment
This frontline describes a simple way to demonstrate the concept of optical logic gates to
undergraduate and postgraduate students. This will give a new perspective to students into looking
at a very old experiment in physics.
Plausibility arguments and universal gravitation
Newton’s law of universal gravitation underpins our understanding of the dynamics of the Solar
System and of a good portion of the observable universe. Generally, in the classroom or in
textbooks, the law is presented initially in a qualitative way…
Measuring Earth’s axial tilt with a telescope
In this study, a method to measure the Earth’s axial tilt is attempted by using a telescope. As a
principal instrument, telescopes in astronomy courses are mostly to verify the astronomical objects
in sky and not to make sense of astronomical event…
The compound Atwood machine problem
The present paper accounts for progress in physics teaching in the sense that a problem, which has
been closed to students for being too difficult, is gained for the high school curriculum. This
problem is the compound Atwood machine with three bodie…
Simple demonstration of optical logic gates using a double-slit diffraction experiment
This frontline describes a simple way to demonstrate the concept of optical logic gates to
undergraduate and postgraduate students. This will give a new perspective to students into looking
at a very old experiment in physics.
Hans Christian Ørsted, narratives, oeuvres and physics education
In 1820 the Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the relationship between electricity
and magnetism by his famous wire-compass experiment. Ørsted was one of the foremost scientists of
the nineteenth century, and he was also one of the …
An LED solar simulator for student labs
Measuring voltage–current and voltage–power curves of a photovoltaic module is a nice experiment for
high school and undergraduate students. In labs where real sunlight is not available this experiment
requires a solar simulator. A prototype of a…
Impact of a ping-pong ball
Measurements are presented of the impact time, peak force and centre of mass displacement of a
ping-pong ball impacting vertically on a hard, horizontal surface. The results are compared with a
recent measurement described in this journal.
COBALT Flight Demonstrations Fuse Technologies to Gain Precision Landing Results
COBALT will help spacecraft avoid hazards and land closer to prime science targets.
COBALT Flight Demonstrations Fuse Technologies to Gain Precision Landing Results
COBALT will help spacecraft avoid hazards and land closer to prime science targets.
Size Sorting on the Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa
Author(s): Troy Shinbrot, Tapan Sabuwala, Theo Siu, Miguel Vivar Lazo, and Pinaki Chakraborty
Experiments and computer simulations show that the segregation of small and large rocks on an asteroid’s surface can arise from the way particles hitting the surface collide with the rocks already present.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 111101] Published Fri Mar 17, 2017
Spontaneous Core Rotation in Ferrofluid Pipe Flow
Author(s): Alexei Krekhov and Mark ShliomisFerrofluid flowing down a pipe is predicted to form either clockwise or counterclockwise swirls at the center of the pipe, and axial motion at the edges.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 114503] Published Fri Mar 17, 2017
Size Sorting on the Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa
Author(s): Troy Shinbrot, Tapan Sabuwala, Theo Siu, Miguel Vivar Lazo, and Pinaki Chakraborty
Experiments and computer simulations show that the segregation of small and large rocks on an asteroid’s surface can arise from the way particles hitting the surface collide with the rocks already present.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 111101] Published Fri Mar 17, 2017
Spontaneous Core Rotation in Ferrofluid Pipe Flow
Author(s): Alexei Krekhov and Mark ShliomisFerrofluid flowing down a pipe is predicted to form either clockwise or counterclockwise swirls at the center of the pipe, and axial motion at the edges.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 114503] Published Fri Mar 17, 2017
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 13-17 March 2017
Replay from Banff
Watch the replay of the opening session for the Swarm and CryoSat Science Meetings in Banff, Canada
Live from Banff
Follow the joint opening session for the Swarm and CryoSat Science Meetings live from Banff, Canada, on 20 March
Two more spacewalks for Thomas Pesquet

ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet will make two more spacewalks under NASA’s plans to maintain the International Space Station during his mission.
Terminal velocity of a buoyant gas bubble in the stable gas body approximation
The terminal velocity for a bubble of gas is determined as a function of its volume and gas
temperature, and pressure as an effect of buoyancy. Only volume variation is considered and not
shape deformation. The limits of applicability of the expressi…
Terminal velocity of a buoyant gas bubble in the stable gas body approximation
The terminal velocity for a bubble of gas is determined as a function of its volume and gas
temperature, and pressure as an effect of buoyancy. Only volume variation is considered and not
shape deformation. The limits of applicability of the expressi…
NASA Satellite Identifies Global Ammonia ‘Hotspots’
Study ties fertilizers, animal waste, changes to atmospheric chemistry and climate change to increased ammonia over the United States, Europe, China and India.
NASA Satellite Identifies Global Ammonia ‘Hotspots’
Study ties fertilizers, animal waste, changes to atmospheric chemistry and climate change to increased ammonia over the United States, Europe, China and India.
Etna erupts

Sentinel-2A has imaged today’s eruption from Mount Etna in Sicily, one of Europe’s most dangerous volcanoes
Beautiful science with astronaut aurora
Some of the most wonderful pictures taken by astronauts from space are of aurora dancing over our planet. Now the photos are more than just pretty pictures thanks to an ESA project that makes them scientifically usable.
Exact Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Background Electromagnetic Fields
Author(s): Tom Heinzl and Anton Ilderton
Novel hidden special relativity Poincaré symmetries enable the construction of exactly solvable models of classical and quantum charge dynamics in laser fields, potentially allowing analytical studies of laser-matter interactions beyond the plane-wave approximation.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 113202] Published Thu Mar 16, 2017
Strain-Gradient Position Mapping of Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Author(s): P.-L. de Assis, I. Yeo, A. Gloppe, H. A. Nguyen, D. Tumanov, E. Dupont-Ferrier, N. S. Malik, E. Dupuy, J. Claudon, J.-M. Gérard, A. Auffèves, O. Arcizet, M. Richard, and J.-Ph. Poizat
The positions of quantum dots inside a microstructure can be determined by monitoring how an applied strain affects the dots’ photoluminescence.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 117401] Published Thu Mar 16, 2017
Strain-Gradient Position Mapping of Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Author(s): P.-L. de Assis, I. Yeo, A. Gloppe, H. A. Nguyen, D. Tumanov, E. Dupont-Ferrier, N. S. Malik, E. Dupuy, J. Claudon, J.-M. Gérard, A. Auffèves, O. Arcizet, M. Richard, and J.-Ph. Poizat
The positions of quantum dots inside a microstructure can be determined by monitoring how an applied strain affects the dots’ photoluminescence.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 117401] Published Thu Mar 16, 2017
Exact Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Background Electromagnetic Fields
Author(s): Tom Heinzl and Anton Ilderton
Novel hidden special relativity Poincaré symmetries enable the construction of exactly solvable models of classical and quantum charge dynamics in laser fields, potentially allowing analytical studies of laser-matter interactions beyond the plane-wave approximation.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 113202] Published Thu Mar 16, 2017
ESA’s Jupiter mission moves off the drawing board

Demanding electric, magnetic and power requirements, harsh radiation, and strict planetary protection rules are some of the critical issues that had to be tackled in order to move ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer – Juice – from the drawing board and into construction.
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 17 February, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week we explore the Canadian province of Alberta
Lakes on Titan may fizz with nitrogen bubbles
A new study sheds light on a possible phenomenon on the planet-sized moon.
ExoMars: science checkout completed and aerobraking begins
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has completed another set of important science calibration tests before a year of aerobraking gets underway.
ExoMars: science checkout completed and aerobraking begins
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has completed another set of important science calibration tests before a year of aerobraking gets underway.
An interplay between the zero-work forces and work
Although the zero-work forces do no work, they do have an impact on the work done on a system. The
role of the zero-work forces is explained and their importance is demonstrated in the context of a
paradox connected with the work-energy theorem. A ge…
Interactive simulations for quantum key distribution
Secure communication protocols are becoming increasingly important, e.g. for internet-based
communication. Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two parties, commonly called Alice and Bob, to
generate a secret sequence of 0s and 1s called a key that …
Visual guide to optical tweezers
It is common to introduce optical tweezers using either geometric optics for large particles or the
Rayleigh approximation for very small particles. These approaches are successful at conveying the
key ideas behind optical tweezers in their respectiv…
Planck’s radiation law, the light quantum, and the prehistory of indistinguishability in the teaching of quantum mechanics
Planck’s law for black-body radiation marks the origin of quantum theory and is discussed in all
introductory (or advanced) courses on this subject. However, the question whether Planck really
implied quantisation is debated among historians of phy…
Interactive simulations for quantum key distribution
Secure communication protocols are becoming increasingly important, e.g. for internet-based
communication. Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two parties, commonly called Alice and Bob, to
generate a secret sequence of 0s and 1s called a key that …
An interplay between the zero-work forces and work
Although the zero-work forces do no work, they do have an impact on the work done on a system. The
role of the zero-work forces is explained and their importance is demonstrated in the context of a
paradox connected with the work-energy theorem. A ge…
Planck’s radiation law, the light quantum, and the prehistory of indistinguishability in the teaching of quantum mechanics
Planck’s law for black-body radiation marks the origin of quantum theory and is discussed in all
introductory (or advanced) courses on this subject. However, the question whether Planck really
implied quantisation is debated among historians of phy…
Visual guide to optical tweezers
It is common to introduce optical tweezers using either geometric optics for large particles or the
Rayleigh approximation for very small particles. These approaches are successful at conveying the
key ideas behind optical tweezers in their respectiv…
Experiments Show Titan Lakes May Fizz with Nitrogen
A recent NASA-funded study has shown how the hydrocarbon lakes and seas of Saturn’s moon Titan might occasionally erupt with dramatic patches of bubbles.
Experiments Show Titan Lakes May Fizz with Nitrogen
A recent NASA-funded study has shown how the hydrocarbon lakes and seas of Saturn’s moon Titan might occasionally erupt with dramatic patches of bubbles.
GRACE Mission: 15 Years of Watching Water on Earth
In 15 years of operations, the GRACE satellite mission has dramatically changed our view of how water moves and is stored on Earth.
GRACE Mission: 15 Years of Watching Water on Earth
In 15 years of operations, the GRACE satellite mission has dramatically changed our view of how water moves and is stored on Earth.
A toast to Sentinel-2B

The recently launched Sentinel-2B satellite has delivered its first image: the Italian port city of Brindisi – appropriately the same word for the ‘toast’ ritual in Italian
A ‘toast’ to Copernicus Sentinel-2B as it delivers its first images

Just over a week after being lofted into orbit, the European Union’s Sentinel-2B satellite delivered its first images of Earth, offering a glimpse of the ‘colour vision’ it will provide for the Copernicus environmental monitoring programme.
Forecasting Fluid Flows Using the Geometry of Turbulence
Author(s): Balachandra Suri, Jeffrey Tithof, Roman O. Grigoriev, and Michael F. SchatzThe observation of ordered flow patterns in a weakly turbulent liquid may lead to new ways of predicting the evolution of turbulent flow.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 114501…
Forecasting Fluid Flows Using the Geometry of Turbulence
Author(s): Balachandra Suri, Jeffrey Tithof, Roman O. Grigoriev, and Michael F. SchatzThe observation of ordered flow patterns in a weakly turbulent liquid may lead to new ways of predicting the evolution of turbulent flow.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 114501…
ESA on Forbes 30<30
Technology image of the week: ESA graduate trainee Justyna Barys joins the 30 Under 30 Europe Industry List by business publisher Forbes
42 is the answer
Forty-two is the answer, but what is the question? Scientists from the University of Zurich wanted to probe how immune cells adapt to weightlessness so they sent an experiment to the International Space Station with ESA.
Exploring Titan with aerial platforms
This article originally appeared on Universe Today.
Last week, from Monday Feb. 27th to Wednesday March 1st, NASA hosted the “Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop” at their headquarters in Washington, DC. During the course of the many pr…
This is what Kepler sees when it stares at TRAPPIST-1
Pixels all the way down.
There’s a supernova occurring right now in NGC 5643
Meet “Bob,” the second Type Ia supernova in the galaxy since 2013
X-ray observations identify a white dwarf whipping around a black hole
This pair is the tightest such binary identified in the Milky Way.
News and Features – NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2017-03-14 22:03:00
Could leftover heat from the last El Nino fuel a new one? JPL Climatologist Bill Patzert looks at the current state of the Pacific Ocean as seen by the Jason-3 satellite.
News and Features – NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2017-03-14 22:03:00
Could leftover heat from the last El Nino fuel a new one? JPL Climatologist Bill Patzert looks at the current state of the Pacific Ocean as seen by the Jason-3 satellite.
Back to the lab
Human spaceflight and robotic exploration image of the week: Bacteria from space
Floquet Topological Order in Interacting Systems of Bosons and Fermions
Author(s): Fenner Harper and Rahul RoyThe phases of periodically driven systems of bosons and fermions are topologically classified by pairs of coprime integers.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 115301] Published Tue Mar 14, 2017
Ultrafine Entanglement Witnessing
Author(s): Farid Shahandeh, Martin Ringbauer, Juan C. Loredo, and Timothy C. RalphResearchers have devised an improved method for checking whether two particles are entangled.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 110502] Published Tue Mar 14, 2017
Floquet Topological Order in Interacting Systems of Bosons and Fermions
Author(s): Fenner Harper and Rahul RoyThe phases of periodically driven systems of bosons and fermions are topologically classified by pairs of coprime integers.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 115301] Published Tue Mar 14, 2017
Ultrafine Entanglement Witnessing
Author(s): Farid Shahandeh, Martin Ringbauer, Juan C. Loredo, and Timothy C. RalphResearchers have devised an improved method for checking whether two particles are entangled.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 110502] Published Tue Mar 14, 2017
New technology finds ‘lost’ spacecraft
Chandrayaan-1’s orbit may be off, but it has been relocated
Corrigendum: Time-of-light measurement of the speed of sound in water (2016 Phys. Educ . 51 034001)
We point out three errors present in the circuit diagram in figure 1, as well as two typographical
errors. The corrections to these errors do not have any impact on the overall conclusions of the
paper.