
Explore the International Space Station’s Harmony module in this full panorama with your mobile phone or VR headset
Optomechanical Quantum Control of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond
Author(s): D. Andrew Golter, Thein Oo, Mayra Amezcua, Kevin A. Stewart, and Hailin WangThe state of excited electrons in a diamond-crystal defect can be controlled using mechanical waves.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 143602] Published Thu Apr 07, 2016
Thermodynamic Entropy as a Noether Invariant
Author(s): Shin-ichi Sasa and Yuki YokokuraThe thermodynamic entropy of a classical many-particle system can be related to a conserved quantity for quasi-static thermodynamics processes.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 140601] Published Thu Apr 07, 2016
Satellite touchdown in run up to Galileo launch

The latest pair of navigation satellites has reached Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana, beginning a new Galileo launch campaign, which will culminate in a launch on 24 May.
The colour-changing comet

Rosetta’s comet has been seen changing colour and brightness in front of the ESA orbiter’s eyes, as the Sun’s heat strips away the older surface to reveal fresher material.
Tiny CubeSat tracks worldwide air traffic

Since its launch six months ago, a satellite small enough to fit in an airline passenger’s carry-on bag has been tracking aircraft in flight across the entire globe.
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 8 April, at 10:00 CEST for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-1A image of the Bernese Alps in Switzerland
Supernova showered Earth with radioactive debris
An international team of scientists has found evidence of a series of massive supernova explosions near our solar system, which showered the Earth with radioactive debris.
Young super-Jupiter found wandering without a parent
A team of astronomers has discovered one of the youngest and brightest free-floating, planet-like objects within relatively close proximity to the Sun.
Vote for Us: NASA Receives Webby Nominations
NASA’s principal website received its eighth Webby Award nomination for government website, and NASA’s social media team has received its second nomination for social media presence.
Electron-Vibration Coupling in Molecular Materials: Assignment of Vibronic Modes from Photoelectron Momentum Mapping
Author(s): M. Graus, M. Grimm, C. Metzger, M. Dauth, C. Tusche, J. Kirschner, S. Kümmel, A. Schöll, and F. Reinert
Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the details of the interaction between electronic and vibrational excitations in a molecular material.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 147601] Published Wed Apr 06, 2016
Sentinel-3A feels the heat
Despite only being in orbit a matter of weeks, Sentinel-3A has already delivered some impressive first images. With the thermal-infrared channels now turned on, the satellite completes its set of firsts with a view of ocean features off th…
Volcano island
Technology image of the week: Hawaii, home to Earth’s largest volcano, as imaged by Proba-V, among ESA’s smallest Earth-observing satellites
Behemoth black hole found in an unlikely place
Astronomers have uncovered a near-record-breaking supermassive black hole weighing 17 billion Suns.
Gravitational wave search provides insights into galaxy evolution and mergers
Given scientists’ current understanding of how often galaxies merge, limits point to fewer detectable pairs of supermassive black holes than previously expected.
Mars Longevity Champion Launched 15 Years Ago
The NASA spacecraft that was launched 15 years ago this week carried the name 2001 Mars Odyssey and the hopes for reviving a stymied program of exploring the Red Planet.
Asteroid-Hunting Spacecraft Delivers a Second Year of Data
NASA’s NEOWISE spacecraft discovered 72 near-Earth objects and characterized 439 others in its first two years of operations.
Asteroid cleaner
Human spaceflight and robotic exploration image of the week: Testing ways of taking samples from dusty, low-gravity moons and asteroids
Observation of Quantum Interference between Separated Mechanical Oscillator Wave Packets
Author(s): D. Kienzler, C. Flühmann, V. Negnevitsky, H.-Y. Lo, M. Marinelli, D. Nadlinger, and J. P. Home
A trapped ion is produced in a superposition of motional wavepackets separated by a few hundred nanometers, effectively leading to the ion being in two distinct places at once.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 140402] Published Tue Apr 05, 2016
Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellite Observations of Parallel Electron Acceleration in Magnetic Field Reconnection by Fermi Reflection from Time Domain Structures
Author(s): F. S. Mozer, O. A. Agapitov, A. Artemyev, J. L. Burch, R. E. Ergun, B. L. Giles, D. Mourenas, R. B. Torbert, T. D. Phan, and I. Vasko
A new satellite mission has observed electron acceleration by electric field waves moving along the magnetic boundary between the Earth and the solar wind.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 145101] Published Tue Apr 05, 2016
Mechanical Resonators for Quantum Optomechanics Experiments at Room Temperature
Author(s): R. A. Norte, J. P. Moura, and S. Gröblacher<br/>All quantum optomechanics experiments to date operate at cryogenic temperatures, imposing severe technical challenges and fundamental constraints. Here, we present a novel design of on-chip mechanical resonators which exhibit fundamental modes with frequencies f and mechanical quality factors Q_{m} …<br/><img src="//d22izw7byeupn1.cloudfront.net/journals/PRL/key_images/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.147202.png" width="200" height="100"><br/>[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 147202] Published Tue Apr 05, 2016
Early Mars bombardment likely enhanced life-supporting habitat
A massive impact could have temporarily increased the planet’s atmospheric pressure, periodically heating Mars up enough to “re-start” a dormant water cycle.
Opportunity’s devilish view from on high
From its perch high on a ridge, the rover recorded an image of a martian dust devil twisting through the valley below.
Sending crude oil into space to study Earth’s depths
Opportunity’s Devilish View from on High
From its perch high on a ridge, NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity recorded an image of a Martian dust devil twisting through the valley below.
New NASA Web Portal Shines Beacon on Rising Seas
Sea level rise is a global issue affecting millions. Now, a JPL-developed Web portal gives researchers, decision makers and the public alike a new resource to stay up to date.
Weirdest Martensite: Smectic Liquid Crystal Microstructure and Weyl-Poincaré Invariance
Author(s): Danilo B. Liarte, Matthew Bierbaum, Ricardo A. Mosna, Randall D. Kamien, and James P. SethnaA set of rules is proposed for the construction of circular domain boundaries seen at the interfaces of smectic liquid crystals.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116…
Coupling Identical one-dimensional Many-Body Localized Systems
Author(s): Pranjal Bordia, Henrik P. Lüschen, Sean S. Hodgman, Michael Schreiber, Immanuel Bloch, and Ulrich Schneider
Many-body localization in chains of cold atoms with identical disorder is unstable with respect to inter-chain coupling.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 140401] Published Mon Apr 04, 2016
Experimental Insights into the Nanostructure of the Cores of Topological Defects in Liquid Crystals
Author(s): Xiaoguang Wang, Young-Ki Kim, Emre Bukusoglu, Bo Zhang, Daniel S. Miller, and Nicholas L. AbbottExperimental characterization of point defects in liquid crystals show they are nanoscopic loops as predicted by theory.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 14…
Failure of the Volume Function in Granular Statistical Mechanics and an Alternative Formulation
Author(s): Raphael Blumenfeld, Shahar Amitai, Joe F. Jordan, and Rebecca HihinashviliA reformulation of the statistical mechanics of granular materials replaces the volume of the material with a function related to its structure.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, …
Andromeda’s first spinning neutron star has been found
While the precise nature of the system remains unclear, the data imply that it is unusual and exotic.
Fast radio burst “afterglow” was actually a flickering black hole
New research shows that the radio emission believed to be an afterglow actually originated from a distant galaxy’s core and was unassociated with the fast radio burst.
A cosmic trick of the eye
Space Science Image of the Week: The Hubble Space Telescope snapped this view of a beautiful, but deceptive, planetary nebula
NASA, Japan Make ASTER Earth Data Available At No Cost
Beginning today, all Earth imagery from a prolific Japanese remote sensing instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft since 1999 is now available to users everywhere at no cost.
Mechanical Weyl Modes in Topological Maxwell Lattices
Author(s): D. Zeb Rocklin, Bryan Gin–ge Chen, Martin Falk, Vincenzo Vitelli, and T. C. Lubensky
Two-dimensional mechanical lattices support topologically protected bulk zero modes analogous to the electronic modes of Weyl semimetals.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 135503] Published Fri Apr 01, 2016
Measurement of the Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry in p^{↑} +p→W^{±} /Z^{0} at RHIC
Author(s): L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration)The STAR collaboration at RHIC has measured a spin asymmetry in weak boson production that can put constraints on the distribution of quarks and gluons in a transversely polarized proton.[Phys. Rev. Let…
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 28 March – 1 April 2016
Mathematical sciences professor predicts winners of Major League 2016 Baseball season: The Mets come out on top
After being one of the few who picked the Mets to make it to the postseason in 2015, NJIT Mathematical Sciences Professor and Associate Dean Bruce Bukiet has published his projections of how the standings should look at the end of Major League Baseball…
An oasis in the brown dwarf desert
Astronomers report a wellspring of new brown dwarf stellar companions, throwing cold water on the entire idea of the “brown dwarf desert,” the previously mystifying lack of these sub-stellar objects around stars.
ESA intouch
Competition to develop the next generation interactive Space App with ESA, deadline 15 April
Rover Takes on Steepest Slope Ever Tried on Mars
NASA’s long-lived Mars rover Opportunity is driving to an alternative hillside target after a climb on the steepest slope ever tackled by any Mars rover.
Rover Takes on Steepest Slope Ever Tried on Mars
NASA’s long-lived Mars rover Opportunity is driving to an alternative hillside target after a climb on the steepest slope ever tackled by any Mars rover.
NASA Satellite Images Uncover Underground Forest Fungi
A new way to detect underground forest fungi from space could help researchers predict how climate change will alter forest habitats.
GW150914: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Binary Black Holes
Author(s): B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration)
Assuming LIGO’s recently detected black hole merger is not unusual, researchers revised upward their estimate of the strength of the background noise coming from distant mergers across the Universe.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 131102] Published Thu Mar 31, 2016
GW150914: The Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Era of First Discoveries
Author(s): B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration)
The experimental requirements that had to be met by the Advanced LIGO detectors in order to detect the gravitational wave event GW150914, and how this was achieved are detailed.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 131103] Published Thu Mar 31, 2016
Found: Andromeda’s first spinning neutron star

Decades of searching in the Milky Way’s nearby ‘twin’ galaxy Andromeda have finally paid off, with the discovery of an elusive breed of stellar corpse, a neutron star, by ESA’s XMM-Newton space telescope.
Going to space

Operations image of the week: Teams at ESA’s mission control in intensive simulation training for Sentinel-1B liftoff
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 1 April, at 10:00 CEST for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-3A image of the River Nile and surroundings
Space Station 360: Destiny

Explore NASA’s space laboratory for the International Space Station from every angle in this panorama
A planet is forming in an Earth-like orbit around a young star
New images reveal never-before-seen details in the planet-forming disk around a nearby Sun-like star, including a tantalizing gap at the same distance from the star as Earth is from the Sun.
Spitzer maps climate patterns on a super-Earth
The map reveals extreme temperature swings from one side of the planet to the other, and hints that a possible reason for this is the presence of lava flows.
Tracking Tim’s iceberg
Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: Iceberg seen from International Space Station
NASA’s Spitzer Maps Climate Patterns on a Super-Earth
Observations from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope have led to the first temperature map of a super-Earth planet — a rocky planet nearly two times as big as ours.
‘Mixed Reality’ Technology Brings Mars to Earth
NASA and Microsoft have teamed up to create “Destination: Mars,” a guided tour of a part of Mars using technologies that help scientists plan the Curiosity rover’s activities.
Topological Mechanics of Origami and Kirigami
Author(s): Bryan Gin-ge Chen, Bin Liu, Arthur A. Evans, Jayson Paulose, Itai Cohen, Vincenzo Vitelli, and C. D. Santangelo
Origami formed by folding and cutting a material can feature well-defined, tunable mechanical properties.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 135501] Published Wed Mar 30, 2016
Sparse Cyclic Excitations Explain the Low Ionic Conductivity of Stoichiometric Li_{7} La_{3} Zr_{2} O_{12}
Author(s): Mario Burbano, Dany Carlier, Florent Boucher, Benjamin J. Morgan, and Mathieu Salanne
Molecular dynamic simulation methods developed for glasses are used to study why the ionic conductivity of a Li-ion battery compound is different for the cubic and tetragonal phase of solid lithium-ion–electrolyte.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 135901] Published Wed Mar 30, 2016
Spikes of silence
Technology image of the week: this spiky foam absorbs sound as well as radio waves, helping to simulate space conditions for satellite testing
Trigger for Milky Way’s youngest supernova identified
The stellar explosion occurred when two white dwarfs collided. Understanding type Ia supernovae causes more precisely will give astronomers greater insight into the expansion rate of the universe.
INTEGRAL sets limits on gamma rays from merging black holes
Following the discovery of gravitational waves from the merging of two black holes, the satellite has revealed no simultaneous gamma rays, just as models predicted.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Power in Graphene: Violation of the Mott Relation by Inelastic Scattering
Author(s): Fereshte Ghahari, Hong-Yi Xie, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Matthew S. Foster, and Philip KimIn clean graphene, inelastic scattering processes cause the thermoelectric power at high temperature to exceed the value given by the traditio…
Millisecond Photon Lifetime in a Slow-Light Microcavity
Author(s): V. Huet, A. Rasoloniaina, P. Guillemé, P. Rochard, P. Féron, M. Mortier, A. Levenson, K. Bencheikh, A. Yacomotti, and Y. Dumeige
Introducing a slow-light medium into an optical microresonator extends the lifetime of a photon circulating in the device by several orders of magnitude.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 133902] Published Tue Mar 29, 2016
Star-forming ribbon
Space science image of the week: A super-cold filament of dust contains 800 times as much matter as our Sun
Earth-space telescope system produces hot surprise
The astronomers’ achievement produced a pair of scientific surprises that promise to advance the understanding of quasars, supermassive black holes at the cores of galaxies.
Computer model explains sustained eruptions on icy moon of Saturn
Scientists have pinpointed a mechanism by which cyclical tidal stresses exerted by Saturn can drive Enceladus’ long-lived eruptions.
Astronomers crowdfund effort to recreate “alien” signal
Passing comets could provide an answer to the decades-old mystery of the ‘Wow!’ signal, if researchers can afford the equipment to check.
Mini NASA Methane Sensor Makes Successful Flight Test
As part of a project to improve energy pipeline industry safety, researchers have successfully flight tested a mini JPL methane gas sensor on a small unmanned aerial system.
Investigating the Mystery of Migrating ‘Hot Jupiters’
How do some gas giant planets end up so feverishly close to their stars? NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope finds new clues.
Electron Phase Shift at the Zero-Bias Anomaly of Quantum Point Contacts
Author(s): B. Brun, F. Martins, S. Faniel, B. Hackens, A. Cavanna, C. Ulysse, A. Ouerghi, U. Gennser, D. Mailly, P. Simon, S. Huant, V. Bayot, M. Sanquer, and H. SellierUsing a scanning gate microscope, researchers have shown that electron waves scatte…
A highly eccentric exoplanet
Observations of an extreme-weather planet raise questions about hot Jupiters’ origins
Communication failure of X-ray astronomy satellite “Hitomi”
While the cause of communication failure is under investigation, JAXA received short signal from the satellite and is working for recovery.
NASA Announces Astronomy and Astrophysics Fellows for 2016
NASA has selected 36 fellows for its prestigious Einstein, Hubble and Sagan fellowships.
Streaming Velocities and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Scale
Author(s): Jonathan A. Blazek, Joseph E. McEwen, and Christopher M. HirataNew calculations suggest that the relative velocity of baryons with respect to dark matter in galaxies may affect how baryonic matter clusters in the universe.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 1…
Induced Fission of ^{240} Pu within a Real-Time Microscopic Framework
Author(s): Aurel Bulgac, Piotr Magierski, Kenneth J. Roche, and Ionel StetcuNuclear fission simulations show that the evolution of a splitting plutonium nucleus may be slower than previously thought.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 122504] Published Fri Mar 25, …
Week In Images
Our week through the lens: 21-25 March 2016
Moons of Saturn may be younger than the dinosaurs
New research suggests that the birth of some of Saturn’s icy moons, as well as its famous rings, might have taken place a mere 100 million years ago.
Comet Flying by Earth Observed with Radar and Infrared
Astronomers captured detailed radar images of a comet that passed Earth this week.
Cassini Spies Titan’s Tallest Peaks
In a nod to extraterrestrial mountaineers of the future, scientists working on NASA’s Cassini mission have identified the highest point on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan.
Loop-Nodal and Point-Nodal Semimetals in Three-Dimensional Honeycomb Lattices
Author(s): Motohiko Ezawa3D honeycomb-type lattices have been designed with semimetal and flat-band electronic properties.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 127202] Published Thu Mar 24, 2016
Operational Resource Theory of Coherence
Author(s): Andreas Winter and Dong YangA new framework describes quantum coherence in terms of resources, coherence distillation, and coherence cost, which account for the conversions between various entangled states.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 120404] Publ…
Unconventional Superconductivity in the Layered Iron Germanide YFe_{2} Ge_{2}
Author(s): Jiasheng Chen, Konstantin Semeniuk, Zhuo Feng, Pascal Reiss, Philip Brown, Yang Zou, Peter W. Logg, Giulio I. Lampronti, and F. Malte GroscheExperimental evidence is presented for a bulk superconducting transition in YFe2Ge2 obtained using a…
Linking Individual and Collective Behavior in Adaptive Social Networks
Author(s): Flávio L. Pinheiro, Francisco C. Santos, and Jorge M. Pacheco
The local interactions of individuals in a network is connected to the global network dynamics using the Prisoner’s Dilemma game theory model.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 128702] Published Thu Mar 24, 2016
Controlled Uniform Coating from the Interplay of Marangoni Flows and Surface-Adsorbed Macromolecules
Author(s): Hyoungsoo Kim, François Boulogne, Eujin Um, Ian Jacobi, Ernie Button, and Howard A. Stone
As a whisky drop dries, a combination of molecules in the liquid ensure a spatially uniform deposition—a finding that could inspire coating technologies.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 124501] Published Thu Mar 24, 2016
Teamwork

Operations image of the week: A team of teams at ESA’s operations centre assumes control of humanity’s next mission to the Red Planet
Earth from Space

Join us Friday, 25 March, at 10:00 CET for the ‘Earth from Space’ video programme. This week features a Sentinel-2A image of the Etosha salt pan in Namibia
Space Station 360: Zvezda
Explore the heart of the Russian segment of the International Space Station in this global view
Cassini spies Titan’s tallest peaks
Titan’s tallest peak is 10,948 feet high and is found within a trio of mountainous ridges called the Mithrim Montes.
Frosty martian valleys
Nestled within the fractured rim of a vast impact basin on Mars are valley floors dusted in frost.
Tales of a tilting Moon hidden in its polar ice
The spin axis of the Moon has moved by at least 6°, and that motion is recorded in ancient lunar ice deposits.
NASA Gets Down to Earth with Globe-Spanning Campaigns
NASA is sending Earth scientists around the world in 2016 to study how our planet is changing.
Schrödinger Approach to Mean Field Games
Author(s): Igor Swiecicki, Thierry Gobron, and Denis UllmoModels that treat economic and biological behavior in terms of game-play resemble quantum mechanics.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 128701] Published Wed Mar 23, 2016
Charge Puddles in Graphene near the Dirac Point
Author(s): S. Samaddar, I. Yudhistira, S. Adam, H. Courtois, and C. B. Winkelmann
In graphene, doping inhomogeneities – charge puddles – grow remarkably in both size and amplitude as the charge carrier density vanishes.

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 126804] Published Wed Mar 23, 2016
Thermally Induced Graphene Rotation on Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Author(s): Duoming Wang, Guorui Chen, Chaokai Li, Meng Cheng, Wei Yang, Shuang Wu, Guibai Xie, Jing Zhang, Jing Zhao, Xiaobo Lu, Peng Chen, Guole Wang, Jianling Meng, Jian Tang, Rong Yang, Congli He, Donghua Liu, Dongxia Shi, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Ta…
ExoMars performing flawlessly

Following a spectacular liftoff, ESA’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is performing flawlessly en route to the Red Planet.
To feel a falling feather
Technology image of the week: ESA’s new microvibration machine can measure the forces imparted by a single dropped feather
Stressed in space
Astronomers report most “outrageously luminous” galaxies ever observed
Scientists estimate that the newly observed galaxies identified are about 10 billion years old and were formed only about 4 billion years after the Big Bang.
Solar storms trigger Jupiter’s “northern lights”
New research finds solar storms trigger the northern lights by generating a new X-ray aurora that is eight times brighter than normal and hundreds of times more energetic than Earth’s aurora borealis.
Bright Spots and Color Differences Revealed on Ceres
Dawn mission scientists have unveiled new images from the spacecraft’s lowest orbit at Ceres, including the mysterious bright spots in Occator Crater.
Lonely lunch
Human spaceflight and robotic exploration image of the week: Last sunlit lunch in solitude at Concordia research station in Antarctica
Detecting the Disruption of Dark-Matter Halos with Stellar Streams
Author(s): Jo BovyStreaming threads of stars orbiting galaxies could be used to detect clumps of dark matter predicted to make up dark matter halos.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 121301] Published Tue Mar 22, 2016